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工作记忆 - 版本历史
2024-03-29T09:43:42Z
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薄荷:/* 作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆 */
2021-11-11T12:22:46Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:22的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l34" >第34行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第34行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>奥伯奥尔 Oberauer 在Cowan模型的基础上又添加了一个组件——一个更窄的注意力焦点,一次只能容纳一个'''组块chunk'''。单元素焦点系统嵌在四元素焦点系统之中,用于挑选要处理的单个块。例如,根据Cowan 的“注意力焦点”理论,四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个体要加工所有数字时(例如,将数字2加到每个数字)必须要先对每个数字进行独立加工(因为大多数人不能同时处理多个数学问题)<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Attention, working memory, and long-term memory in multimedia learning: A integrated perspective based on process models of working memory|last = Schweppe|first = J.|date = 2014|journal = Educational Psychology Review|doi = 10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2|issue = 2|volume = 26|page = 289}}</ref>。此时Oberauer 的注意力组件将选择其中一个数字进行处理,结束后就把焦点转到下一个数字,直到处理完毕<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oberauer K |title=Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=411–21 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12018494 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411|citeseerx=10.1.1.163.4979 }}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>奥伯奥尔 Oberauer 在Cowan模型的基础上又添加了一个组件——一个更窄的注意力焦点,一次只能容纳一个'''组块chunk'''。单元素焦点系统嵌在四元素焦点系统之中,用于挑选要处理的单个块。例如,根据Cowan 的“注意力焦点”理论,四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个体要加工所有数字时(例如,将数字2加到每个数字)必须要先对每个数字进行独立加工(因为大多数人不能同时处理多个数学问题)<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Attention, working memory, and long-term memory in multimedia learning: A integrated perspective based on process models of working memory|last = Schweppe|first = J.|date = 2014|journal = Educational Psychology Review|doi = 10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2|issue = 2|volume = 26|page = 289}}</ref>。此时Oberauer 的注意力组件将选择其中一个数字进行处理,结束后就把焦点转到下一个数字,直到处理完毕<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oberauer K |title=Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=411–21 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12018494 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411|citeseerx=10.1.1.163.4979 }}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 容量==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 容量==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27523&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆 */
2021-11-11T12:22:32Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:22的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l30" >第30行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第30行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Annotated image|caption=The central executive of working memory is retrieving memory from long-term memory.|image=WorkingMemory Label Free.jpg|width=320|height=179|image-width=320|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations={{Annotation|130|15|Central Executive|font-weight=bold|font-size=10}}</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>安德斯 · 埃里克森 Anders Ericsson 和沃尔特 · 金奇 Walter Kintsch <ref>{{cite journal|year=1995|title=Long-term working memory.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=102|issue=2|pages=211–245|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211|pmid=7740089|author=Ericsson, K. A.|author2=Kintsch, W.|lastauthoramp=y}}</ref>引入了“'''长期工作记忆 Long-term Working Memory'''”这一概念,即一组能让人从'''长期记忆 Long-term Memory'''中无缝获取日常所需信息的“检索结构” 。也就是说,一部分长期记忆有效地发挥了工作记忆的作用。同样,考恩 Cowan 并不认为工作记忆完全独立于长期记忆的。工作记忆的表征是长期记忆表征的一个子集。工作记忆被处理成两个嵌入层次。第一层为被激活的长期记忆表征(可能会很多,毕竟理论上长期记忆表征的激活是没有上限的)。第二层叫做注意力'''焦点focus''',焦点被认为是一种有限能力,可容纳四个激活的表征<ref name="Cowan 1995">{{cite book |author=Cowan, Nelson |title=Attention and memory: an integrated framework |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-506760-6 |oclc=30475237 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Annotation|10|160|Long-term Memory|font-weight=bold|font-size=10}}}}</del>安德斯 · 埃里克森 Anders Ericsson 和沃尔特 · 金奇 Walter Kintsch <ref>{{cite journal|year=1995|title=Long-term working memory.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=102|issue=2|pages=211–245|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211|pmid=7740089|author=Ericsson, K. A.|author2=Kintsch, W.|lastauthoramp=y}}</ref>引入了“'''长期工作记忆 Long-term Working Memory'''”这一概念,即一组能让人从'''长期记忆 Long-term Memory'''中无缝获取日常所需信息的“检索结构” 。也就是说,一部分长期记忆有效地发挥了工作记忆的作用。同样,考恩 Cowan 并不认为工作记忆完全独立于长期记忆的。工作记忆的表征是长期记忆表征的一个子集。工作记忆被处理成两个嵌入层次。第一层为被激活的长期记忆表征(可能会很多,毕竟理论上长期记忆表征的激活是没有上限的)。第二层叫做注意力'''焦点focus''',焦点被认为是一种有限能力,可容纳四个激活的表征<ref name="Cowan 1995">{{cite book |author=Cowan, Nelson |title=Attention and memory: an integrated framework |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-506760-6 |oclc=30475237 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>。</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>奥伯奥尔 Oberauer 在Cowan模型的基础上又添加了一个组件——一个更窄的注意力焦点,一次只能容纳一个'''组块chunk'''。单元素焦点系统嵌在四元素焦点系统之中,用于挑选要处理的单个块。例如,根据Cowan 的“注意力焦点”理论,四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个体要加工所有数字时(例如,将数字2加到每个数字)必须要先对每个数字进行独立加工(因为大多数人不能同时处理多个数学问题)<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Attention, working memory, and long-term memory in multimedia learning: A integrated perspective based on process models of working memory|last = Schweppe|first = J.|date = 2014|journal = Educational Psychology Review|doi = 10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2|issue = 2|volume = 26|page = 289}}</ref>。此时Oberauer 的注意力组件将选择其中一个数字进行处理,结束后就把焦点转到下一个数字,直到处理完毕<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oberauer K |title=Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=411–21 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12018494 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411|citeseerx=10.1.1.163.4979 }}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>奥伯奥尔 Oberauer 在Cowan模型的基础上又添加了一个组件——一个更窄的注意力焦点,一次只能容纳一个'''组块chunk'''。单元素焦点系统嵌在四元素焦点系统之中,用于挑选要处理的单个块。例如,根据Cowan 的“注意力焦点”理论,四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个体要加工所有数字时(例如,将数字2加到每个数字)必须要先对每个数字进行独立加工(因为大多数人不能同时处理多个数学问题)<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Attention, working memory, and long-term memory in multimedia learning: A integrated perspective based on process models of working memory|last = Schweppe|first = J.|date = 2014|journal = Educational Psychology Review|doi = 10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2|issue = 2|volume = 26|page = 289}}</ref>。此时Oberauer 的注意力组件将选择其中一个数字进行处理,结束后就把焦点转到下一个数字,直到处理完毕<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oberauer K |title=Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=411–21 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12018494 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411|citeseerx=10.1.1.163.4979 }}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 容量==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 容量==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27522&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 发展 */
2021-11-11T12:21:53Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">发展</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:21的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l82" >第82行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第82行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 发展 ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 发展 ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>工作记忆的容量在儿童时期逐渐增加,在老年时期逐渐下降<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177 | last1 = Gathercole | first1 = S. E. | last2 = Pickering | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Ambridge | first3 = B. | last4 = Wearing | first4 = H. | year = 2004 | title = The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 40 | issue = 2| pages = 177–190 | pmid = 14979759 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.529.2727 }}</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and declines gradually in old age.</del><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.535 | last1 = Salthouse | first1 = T. A. | year = 1994 | title = The aging of working memory | journal = Neuropsychology | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 535–543 }}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>工作记忆的容量在儿童时期逐渐增加,在老年时期逐渐下降<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177 | last1 = Gathercole | first1 = S. E. | last2 = Pickering | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Ambridge | first3 = B. | last4 = Wearing | first4 = H. | year = 2004 | title = The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 40 | issue = 2| pages = 177–190 | pmid = 14979759 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.529.2727 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.535 | last1 = Salthouse | first1 = T. A. | year = 1994 | title = The aging of working memory | journal = Neuropsychology | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 535–543 }}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l92" >第92行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第92行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>人进入老年期后,一系列认知功能都会有所衰退,其中最严重的就是工作记忆<ref name="Hertzog 2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hertzog C, Dixon RA, Hultsch DF, MacDonald SW |title=Latent change models of adult cognition: are changes in processing speed and working memory associated with changes in episodic memory? |journal=Psychol Aging |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=755–69 |date=December 2003 |pmid=14692862 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.755 }}</ref><ref name="Park, D. C. 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park DC, Lautenschlager G, Hedden T, Davidson NS, Smith AD, Smith PK |title=Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span |journal=Psychol Aging |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=299–320 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12061414 |doi= 10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.299 }}</ref>。心理学对此有几种解释。一个是提姆 · 萨尔特豪斯 Tim Salthouse 提出的关于认知老化的'''加工速度理论 processing speed theory'''<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403 | last1 = Salthouse | first1 = T. A. | year = 1996 | title = The processing speed theory of adult age differences in cognition | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 103 | issue = 3| pages = 403–428 | pmid = 8759042 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.464.585 }}</ref>。普遍而言,人的认知过程随着年龄增长而滞缓。所以Salthouse 认为工作记忆会有更多的衰减机会,从而使其有效容量降低。然而,工作记忆容量的下降不能完全归因于此,因为老年时期记忆容量的下降速度比速度本身下降的更快<ref name="Park, D. C. 2002" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00689-3 | last1 = Mayr | first1 = U. | last2 = Kliegl | first2 = R. | last3 = Krampe | first3 = R. T. | year = 1996 | title = Sequential and coordinative processing dynamics in figural transformation across the life span | journal = Cognition | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages = 61–90 | pmid = 8857471 }}</ref>。另一个是琳恩·哈什尔 Lynn Hasher 和 罗丝·扎克 Rose Zacks 提出的'''抑制假说 inhibition hypothesis'''<ref>Hasher, L., & Zacks, R.&nbsp;T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), ''The psychology of learning and motivation'', ''Vol. 22'', (pp. 193–225). New York: Academic Press.</ref>。该理论假设老年人排除不相关信息的能力不足。因此,工作记忆往往会被不相关内容所干扰,从而降低记忆内容的有效容量。老年抑制能力缺失的假设得到了大量研究的支持<ref>Hasher, L., Zacks, R.&nbsp;T., & May, C.&nbsp;P. (1999). Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In D.&nbsp;Gopher & A.&nbsp;Koriat (Eds.), ''Attention and Performance'' (pp. 653–675). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</ref>,但抑制能力的下降能否完全解释为何工作记忆能力下降,目前为止还不清楚。韦斯特 West对老年工作记忆及其他认知功能的衰退则提出了一种神经层面的解释<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.272 | last1 = West | first1 = R.&nbsp;L. | year = 1996 | title = An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 120 | issue = 2| pages = 272–292 | pmid = 8831298 }}</ref>。她认为前额叶皮层对工作记忆有着很大的影响,而随着年龄的增长,前额叶皮与其他大脑区域相比更容易衰退。由衰老引发的工作记忆衰退可通过低强度经颅刺激同步化额叶或左侧颞叶节律来短期逆转<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/08/scientists-use-electrical-pulses-reverse-memory-decline-ageing|title=Scientists reverse memory decline using electrical pulses|last=Devlin, H.|date=2019-04-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-04-09|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>人进入老年期后,一系列认知功能都会有所衰退,其中最严重的就是工作记忆<ref name="Hertzog 2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hertzog C, Dixon RA, Hultsch DF, MacDonald SW |title=Latent change models of adult cognition: are changes in processing speed and working memory associated with changes in episodic memory? |journal=Psychol Aging |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=755–69 |date=December 2003 |pmid=14692862 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.755 }}</ref><ref name="Park, D. C. 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park DC, Lautenschlager G, Hedden T, Davidson NS, Smith AD, Smith PK |title=Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span |journal=Psychol Aging |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=299–320 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12061414 |doi= 10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.299 }}</ref>。心理学对此有几种解释。一个是提姆 · 萨尔特豪斯 Tim Salthouse 提出的关于认知老化的'''加工速度理论 processing speed theory'''<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403 | last1 = Salthouse | first1 = T. A. | year = 1996 | title = The processing speed theory of adult age differences in cognition | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 103 | issue = 3| pages = 403–428 | pmid = 8759042 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.464.585 }}</ref>。普遍而言,人的认知过程随着年龄增长而滞缓。所以Salthouse 认为工作记忆会有更多的衰减机会,从而使其有效容量降低。然而,工作记忆容量的下降不能完全归因于此,因为老年时期记忆容量的下降速度比速度本身下降的更快<ref name="Park, D. C. 2002" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00689-3 | last1 = Mayr | first1 = U. | last2 = Kliegl | first2 = R. | last3 = Krampe | first3 = R. T. | year = 1996 | title = Sequential and coordinative processing dynamics in figural transformation across the life span | journal = Cognition | volume = 59 | issue = 1| pages = 61–90 | pmid = 8857471 }}</ref>。另一个是琳恩·哈什尔 Lynn Hasher 和 罗丝·扎克 Rose Zacks 提出的'''抑制假说 inhibition hypothesis'''<ref>Hasher, L., & Zacks, R.&nbsp;T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), ''The psychology of learning and motivation'', ''Vol. 22'', (pp. 193–225). New York: Academic Press.</ref>。该理论假设老年人排除不相关信息的能力不足。因此,工作记忆往往会被不相关内容所干扰,从而降低记忆内容的有效容量。老年抑制能力缺失的假设得到了大量研究的支持<ref>Hasher, L., Zacks, R.&nbsp;T., & May, C.&nbsp;P. (1999). Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In D.&nbsp;Gopher & A.&nbsp;Koriat (Eds.), ''Attention and Performance'' (pp. 653–675). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</ref>,但抑制能力的下降能否完全解释为何工作记忆能力下降,目前为止还不清楚。韦斯特 West对老年工作记忆及其他认知功能的衰退则提出了一种神经层面的解释<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.272 | last1 = West | first1 = R.&nbsp;L. | year = 1996 | title = An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 120 | issue = 2| pages = 272–292 | pmid = 8831298 }}</ref>。她认为前额叶皮层对工作记忆有着很大的影响,而随着年龄的增长,前额叶皮与其他大脑区域相比更容易衰退。由衰老引发的工作记忆衰退可通过低强度经颅刺激同步化额叶或左侧颞叶节律来短期逆转<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/08/scientists-use-electrical-pulses-reverse-memory-decline-ageing|title=Scientists reverse memory decline using electrical pulses|last=Devlin, H.|date=2019-04-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-04-09|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 训练 ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 训练 ==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27520&oldid=prev
2021年11月11日 (四) 12:20 薄荷
2021-11-11T12:20:27Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:20的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >第1行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第1行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#seo:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#seo:</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=暂时保存信息的认知系统</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|description=暂时保存信息的认知系统</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第19行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 多组件模型 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The multicomponent model </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 多组件模型===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model.png|thumb|300px|巴德利 Baddeley和希池 Hitch 的工作记忆模型]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model.png|thumb|300px|巴德利 Baddeley和希池 Hitch 的工作记忆模型]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1974年,Baddeley和Hitch<ref name="Baddeley Hitch 1974">{{cite book | last1 = Baddeley | first1 = Alan D. | last2 = Hitch | first2 = Graham | title = Working Memory | volume = 2 | editor = Gordon H. Bower | work = The psychology of learning and motivation | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1974 | pages = 47–89 | isbn = 978-0-12-543308-2 |oclc = 777285348 |doi= 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1}}</ref>提出了'''工作记忆多组件模型 Multicomponent Model of Working Memory'''——该模型由三个组件构成:'''中央执行器 Central Executive'''、'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">语音回路(PL) </del>Phonological Loop (PL)'''、'''视觉绘板 Visuospatial Sketchpad'''<ref name="Levin 2011">{{Cite book|title = Working Memory : Capacity, Developments and Improvement Techniques|last = Levin|first = E.S.|publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]]|year = 2011|location = New York}}</ref>。其中,中央执行器作为某种控制中心,负责疏通语音回路和视觉绘板之间的信息传递通道,引导相关信息,抑制无关信息及不当行为,保持认知程序在执行多任务时的协调。中央执行器还会监督信息的整合以及协调各个负责短期信息维护的子系统。语音回路(PL)组件用于存储语音信息并通过不断刷新防止其受损,例如,只要不断重复一个7位数的电话号码它就可以被很好地储存<ref>{{Cite book|title = Variations in psychology|last = Weiten|first = W.|publisher = Wadsworth|year = 2013|location = New York|pages = 281–282|edition = 9}}</ref>。而视觉绘板组件则负责存储视觉和空间信息,例如构建、操控视觉图像及展现精神世界。视觉绘板还可进一步分为'''视觉子系统visual subsystem'''(处理形状、颜色和纹理等)和'''空间子系统spatial subsystem'''(处理位置)。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1974年,Baddeley和Hitch<ref name="Baddeley Hitch 1974">{{cite book | last1 = Baddeley | first1 = Alan D. | last2 = Hitch | first2 = Graham | title = Working Memory | volume = 2 | editor = Gordon H. Bower | work = The psychology of learning and motivation | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1974 | pages = 47–89 | isbn = 978-0-12-543308-2 |oclc = 777285348 |doi= 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1}}</ref>提出了'''工作记忆多组件模型 Multicomponent Model of Working Memory'''——该模型由三个组件构成:'''中央执行器 Central Executive'''、'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">语音回路 </ins>Phonological Loop (PL)'''、'''视觉绘板 Visuospatial Sketchpad'''<ref name="Levin 2011">{{Cite book|title = Working Memory : Capacity, Developments and Improvement Techniques|last = Levin|first = E.S.|publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]]|year = 2011|location = New York}}</ref>。其中,中央执行器作为某种控制中心,负责疏通语音回路和视觉绘板之间的信息传递通道,引导相关信息,抑制无关信息及不当行为,保持认知程序在执行多任务时的协调。中央执行器还会监督信息的整合以及协调各个负责短期信息维护的子系统。语音回路(PL)组件用于存储语音信息并通过不断刷新防止其受损,例如,只要不断重复一个7位数的电话号码它就可以被很好地储存<ref>{{Cite book|title = Variations in psychology|last = Weiten|first = W.|publisher = Wadsworth|year = 2013|location = New York|pages = 281–282|edition = 9}}</ref>。而视觉绘板组件则负责存储视觉和空间信息,例如构建、操控视觉图像及展现精神世界。视觉绘板还可进一步分为'''视觉子系统visual subsystem'''(处理形状、颜色和纹理等)和'''空间子系统spatial subsystem'''(处理位置)。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第29行:</td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Working memory as part of long-term memory </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 作为长期记忆一部分的工作记忆===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Annotated image|caption=The central executive of working memory is retrieving memory from long-term memory.|image=WorkingMemory Label Free.jpg|width=320|height=179|image-width=320|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations={{Annotation|130|15|Central Executive|font-weight=bold|font-size=10}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Annotated image|caption=The central executive of working memory is retrieving memory from long-term memory.|image=WorkingMemory Label Free.jpg|width=320|height=179|image-width=320|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations={{Annotation|130|15|Central Executive|font-weight=bold|font-size=10}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27519&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 编者推荐 */
2021-11-11T12:17:58Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">编者推荐</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:17的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l230" >第230行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第230行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==编者推荐==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==编者推荐==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===集智课程===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===集智课程===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[]====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://campus.swarma.org/course/580 工作记忆的计算神经科学研究</ins>]====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">计算神经科学是利用数学和计算机建模的方法模拟人脑神经网络的工作机制的一门分支学科。与人工神经网络不同,它更加强调对真实大脑神经机制的还原和仿真。本课程将从工作和记忆这两个场景入手,为您详细介绍如何用数学与计算模型来帮助理解工作记忆的生物学机制。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1887 弭元元:动态信息(运动预测、工作记忆等)的神经信息处理机制]====</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">计算神经科学的核心是要整合实验神经科学发现,用数学建模和计算仿真的方法来定量化、精确化、系统化地揭示和阐明大脑的工作原理。阐明大脑的神经信息处理原理不仅是我们全面理解大脑工作原理的关键,同时也为我们发展信息技术和人工智能提供新的思路,为“类脑计算”奠定坚实的理论基础。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">本课程中,主要介绍了针对运动预测与工作记忆两个重要的神经过程,进行建模的方法。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/600 从关系推理到记忆与注意力]====</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">本课程先从关系推理模型入手,介绍了目前最新的关系推理模型的研究进展和研究成果;其后引出深度神经网络里的记忆与注意力机制,最后还介绍了“自注意力”模型及Transformer模型。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27518&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 与神经系统疾病的关系 */
2021-11-11T12:12:11Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">与神经系统疾病的关系</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:12的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l190" >第190行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第190行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD): 一些研究者<ref>Barkley; Castellanos and Tannock; Pennington and Ozonoff; Schachar (according to the source)</ref>提出,ADHD 源于特定 '''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">执行功能(EF) </del>Executive Function (EF)'''领域——如工作记忆、反应抑制或执行控制方面——的原发性缺陷<ref name="WillcuttDoyle2005">{{cite journal|date=June 2005|title=Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Biol. Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1336–46|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006|pmid=15950006|vauthors=Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF}}</ref>。引用了几项研究之后,研究人员得出一份元分析报告,发现在空间和语言工作记忆任务及其他几项EF任务中,ADHD群体有较低的成绩。然而,研究者的结论是EF缺陷既不必然也不足以引发所有的ADHD病例<ref name="WillcuttDoyle2005" /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD): 一些研究者<ref>Barkley; Castellanos and Tannock; Pennington and Ozonoff; Schachar (according to the source)</ref>提出,ADHD 源于特定 '''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">执行功能 </ins>Executive Function (EF)'''领域——如工作记忆、反应抑制或执行控制方面——的原发性缺陷<ref name="WillcuttDoyle2005">{{cite journal|date=June 2005|title=Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Biol. Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1336–46|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006|pmid=15950006|vauthors=Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF}}</ref>。引用了几项研究之后,研究人员得出一份元分析报告,发现在空间和语言工作记忆任务及其他几项EF任务中,ADHD群体有较低的成绩。然而,研究者的结论是EF缺陷既不必然也不足以引发所有的ADHD病例<ref name="WillcuttDoyle2005" /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>多巴胺和谷氨酸盐等多种神经递质可能都与ADHD和工作记忆有关。两者都与额叶大脑、'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">自我定向self</del>-direction'''和'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">自我调节self</del>-regulation'''有关,但其中的因果关系尚未得到确认。所以目前不清楚是工作记忆功能障碍导致 ADHD,还是注意力分散导致ADHD工作记忆功能低下,亦或存在着其他联系<ref>[http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/adhd.2008.16.6.8 Working Memory as a Core Deficit in ADHD: Preliminary Findings and Implications] – 2008</ref><ref name="Clark Blackwell 2007">{{cite journal|date=June 2007|title=Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: a link to right frontal cortex pathology?|journal=Biol. Psychiatry|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1395–401|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.020|pmid=17046725|vauthors=Clark L, Blackwell AD, Aron AR, etal}}</ref><ref name="Roodenrys Koloski 2001">{{cite journal|last2=Koloski|first2=Natasha|last3=Grainger|first3=Jessica|year=2001|title=Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered and reading disabled children|journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=325–337|doi=10.1348/026151001166128|issn=0261-510X|last1=Roodenrys|first1=Steven}}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>多巴胺和谷氨酸盐等多种神经递质可能都与ADHD和工作记忆有关。两者都与额叶大脑、'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">自我定向 self</ins>-direction'''和'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">自我调节 self</ins>-regulation'''有关,但其中的因果关系尚未得到确认。所以目前不清楚是工作记忆功能障碍导致 ADHD,还是注意力分散导致ADHD工作记忆功能低下,亦或存在着其他联系<ref>[http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/adhd.2008.16.6.8 Working Memory as a Core Deficit in ADHD: Preliminary Findings and Implications] – 2008</ref><ref name="Clark Blackwell 2007">{{cite journal|date=June 2007|title=Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: a link to right frontal cortex pathology?|journal=Biol. Psychiatry|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1395–401|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.020|pmid=17046725|vauthors=Clark L, Blackwell AD, Aron AR, etal}}</ref><ref name="Roodenrys Koloski 2001">{{cite journal|last2=Koloski|first2=Natasha|last3=Grainger|first3=Jessica|year=2001|title=Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered and reading disabled children|journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=325–337|doi=10.1348/026151001166128|issn=0261-510X|last1=Roodenrys|first1=Steven}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 参见==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 参见==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27517&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 在学术成就方面的角色 */
2021-11-11T12:11:36Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">在学术成就方面的角色</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:11的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l176" >第176行:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在一项大规模的筛查研究中,大班教学模式中十分之一的儿童被认为患有工作记忆缺陷。他们中的大多数人在学术成就上乏善可陈——这与智商无关<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alloway TP, Gathercole SE, Kirkwood H, Elliott J |title=The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory |journal=Child Development |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=606–21 |year=2009 |pmid=19467014 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01282.x|hdl=1893/978 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。同样,国家课程标准把最早在7岁就表现出工作记忆缺陷的儿童定性为低成就学生<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age|journal = British Journal of Educational Psychology|date = 2000-06-01|issn = 2044-8279|pages = 177–194|volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.1348/000709900158047|language = en|first1 = Susan E.|last1 = Gathercole|first2 = Susan J.|last2 = Pickering|pmid=10900777}}</ref>。如果没有适当的干预,这些孩子就会落后于同龄人。最近,一项针对37名具有显著学习障碍的学龄儿童的研究表明,基线测量的工作记忆能力(而非智商)可预测两年后的学习结果<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Tracy Packiam |last1=Alloway |year=2009 |journal=European Journal of Psychological Assessment |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=92–8 |doi=10.1027/1015-5759.25.2.92 |title=Working Memory, but Not IQ, Predicts Subsequent Learning in Children with Learning Difficulties|hdl=1893/1005 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。这表明低分与工作记忆障碍有关,甚至成为导致教育失败的高风险因素。在有学习障碍的儿童中(如'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">诵读困难dyslexia</del>'''、'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">多动症ADHD</del>'''和失用症),类似模式是显而易见的<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Pickering | first1 = Susan J. | title = Working memory in dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway |editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Richard K. | last2 = Muse | first2 = Andrea | title = Short-term memory deficits in developmental dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Roodenrys | first1 = Steve | title = Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Alloway | first1 = Tracy Packiam | title = Working memory skills in children with developmental coordination disorder | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在一项大规模的筛查研究中,大班教学模式中十分之一的儿童被认为患有工作记忆缺陷。他们中的大多数人在学术成就上乏善可陈——这与智商无关<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alloway TP, Gathercole SE, Kirkwood H, Elliott J |title=The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory |journal=Child Development |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=606–21 |year=2009 |pmid=19467014 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01282.x|hdl=1893/978 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。同样,国家课程标准把最早在7岁就表现出工作记忆缺陷的儿童定性为低成就学生<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age|journal = British Journal of Educational Psychology|date = 2000-06-01|issn = 2044-8279|pages = 177–194|volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.1348/000709900158047|language = en|first1 = Susan E.|last1 = Gathercole|first2 = Susan J.|last2 = Pickering|pmid=10900777}}</ref>。如果没有适当的干预,这些孩子就会落后于同龄人。最近,一项针对37名具有显著学习障碍的学龄儿童的研究表明,基线测量的工作记忆能力(而非智商)可预测两年后的学习结果<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Tracy Packiam |last1=Alloway |year=2009 |journal=European Journal of Psychological Assessment |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=92–8 |doi=10.1027/1015-5759.25.2.92 |title=Working Memory, but Not IQ, Predicts Subsequent Learning in Children with Learning Difficulties|hdl=1893/1005 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。这表明低分与工作记忆障碍有关,甚至成为导致教育失败的高风险因素。在有学习障碍的儿童中(如'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">诵读困难 dyslexia</ins>'''、'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">多动症 ADHD</ins>'''和失用症),类似模式是显而易见的<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Pickering | first1 = Susan J. | title = Working memory in dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway |editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Richard K. | last2 = Muse | first2 = Andrea | title = Short-term memory deficits in developmental dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Roodenrys | first1 = Steve | title = Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Alloway | first1 = Tracy Packiam | title = Working memory skills in children with developmental coordination disorder | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc = 63692704}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 与注意力的关系 ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 与注意力的关系 ==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27516&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 神经模型 */
2021-11-11T12:11:07Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">神经模型</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:11的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l142" >第142行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第142行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''前额叶皮质基底节工作记忆记忆模型 Prefrontal Cortex Basal Ganglia Working Memory (PBWM)'''是模拟神经生理学和工作记忆功能模型的一种。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''前额叶皮质基底节工作记忆记忆模型 Prefrontal Cortex Basal Ganglia Working Memory (PBWM)'''是模拟神经生理学和工作记忆功能模型的一种。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在该模型中,脑前额叶外皮与基底神经节协力完成工作记忆任务,并得到许多研究证明支持<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baier|first1=B.|last2=Karnath|first2=H.-O.|last3=Dieterich|first3=M.|last4=Birklein|first4=F.|last5=Heinze|first5=C.|last6=Muller|first6=N. G.|date=2010-07-21|title=Keeping Memory Clear and Stable--The Contribution of Human Basal Ganglia and Prefrontal Cortex to Working Memory|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=29|pages=9788–9792|doi=10.1523/jneurosci.1513-10.2010|pmid=20660261|pmc=6632833|issn=0270-6474|doi-access=free}}</ref>,例如使用'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">消融技术ablation </del>techniques'''治疗脑前额叶外皮和基底神经节受损、癫痫发作患者等。<ref name=":2" />研究人员发现,这种损害使得工作记忆的执行功能受损。<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Voytek|first1=B.|last2=Knight|first2=R. T.|date=2010-10-04|title=Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia contributions to visual working memory|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=42|pages=18167–18172|doi=10.1073/pnas.1007277107|pmid=20921401|issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref>此外还有对因服用'''甲基苯丙胺 methamphetamine'''而导致大脑改变的病人进行工作记忆训练后成功增加其基底神经节容量的案例<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brooks|first1=S. J.|last2=Burch|first2=K. H.|last3=Maiorana|first3=S. A.|last4=Cocolas|first4=E.|last5=Schioth|first5=H. B.|last6=Nilsson|first6=E. K.|last7=Kamaloodien|first7=K.|last8=Stein|first8=D. J.|date=2016-02-01|title=Psychological intervention with working memory training increases basal ganglia volume: A VBM study of inpatient treatment for methamphetamine use|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158216301541|journal=NeuroImage: Clinical|language=en|volume=12|pages=478–491|doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.019|pmid=27625988|issn=2213-1582|doi-access=free}}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在该模型中,脑前额叶外皮与基底神经节协力完成工作记忆任务,并得到许多研究证明支持<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baier|first1=B.|last2=Karnath|first2=H.-O.|last3=Dieterich|first3=M.|last4=Birklein|first4=F.|last5=Heinze|first5=C.|last6=Muller|first6=N. G.|date=2010-07-21|title=Keeping Memory Clear and Stable--The Contribution of Human Basal Ganglia and Prefrontal Cortex to Working Memory|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=29|pages=9788–9792|doi=10.1523/jneurosci.1513-10.2010|pmid=20660261|pmc=6632833|issn=0270-6474|doi-access=free}}</ref>,例如使用'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">消融技术 ablation </ins>techniques'''治疗脑前额叶外皮和基底神经节受损、癫痫发作患者等。<ref name=":2" />研究人员发现,这种损害使得工作记忆的执行功能受损。<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Voytek|first1=B.|last2=Knight|first2=R. T.|date=2010-10-04|title=Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia contributions to visual working memory|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=42|pages=18167–18172|doi=10.1073/pnas.1007277107|pmid=20921401|issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref>此外还有对因服用'''甲基苯丙胺 methamphetamine'''而导致大脑改变的病人进行工作记忆训练后成功增加其基底神经节容量的案例<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brooks|first1=S. J.|last2=Burch|first2=K. H.|last3=Maiorana|first3=S. A.|last4=Cocolas|first4=E.|last5=Schioth|first5=H. B.|last6=Nilsson|first6=E. K.|last7=Kamaloodien|first7=K.|last8=Stein|first8=D. J.|date=2016-02-01|title=Psychological intervention with working memory training increases basal ganglia volume: A VBM study of inpatient treatment for methamphetamine use|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158216301541|journal=NeuroImage: Clinical|language=en|volume=12|pages=478–491|doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.019|pmid=27625988|issn=2213-1582|doi-access=free}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 神经生理学的压力效果 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 神经生理学的压力效果 ===</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27515&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 脑内定位 */
2021-11-11T12:10:34Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">脑内定位</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hans-CN">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:10的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l111" >第111行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第111行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 脑内定位 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 脑内定位 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''脑成像 brain imaging'''方法(PET和fMRI)的出现让人脑功能定位更加容易。一项研究证实PFC中的一些区域确实影响了工作记忆功能。在20世纪90年代,讨论大多集中在腹外侧区(即较低区域)和背外侧区(较高区域)的不同功能上。一项关于人体损伤的研究为背外侧脑前额叶外皮在工作记忆中发挥作用提供了额外的证据<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Koenigs|first2=Michael|last3=Grafman|first3=Jordan|year=2013|title=Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory|journal=Cortex|volume=49|issue=5|pages=1195–1205|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.022|pmid=22789779|last1=Barbey|first1=Aron K.|pmc=3495093}}</ref>。一种观点认为,背外侧区负责空间工作记忆,腹外侧区负责非空间工作记忆。另一种观点则是'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">功能区分说functional </del>distinction''',认为腹外侧区域主要负责纯粹的信息维护,而背外侧区域则更倾向于负责记忆材料的处理。虽然分歧并没有彻底解决,但功能区分说还是得到了大多数证据的支持<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Owen, A. M.|title=The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: the contribution of functional neuroimaging |journal=The European Journal of Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=1329–39 |date=July 1997 |pmid=9240390 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01487.x}}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''脑成像 brain imaging'''方法(PET和fMRI)的出现让人脑功能定位更加容易。一项研究证实PFC中的一些区域确实影响了工作记忆功能。在20世纪90年代,讨论大多集中在腹外侧区(即较低区域)和背外侧区(较高区域)的不同功能上。一项关于人体损伤的研究为背外侧脑前额叶外皮在工作记忆中发挥作用提供了额外的证据<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Koenigs|first2=Michael|last3=Grafman|first3=Jordan|year=2013|title=Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory|journal=Cortex|volume=49|issue=5|pages=1195–1205|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.022|pmid=22789779|last1=Barbey|first1=Aron K.|pmc=3495093}}</ref>。一种观点认为,背外侧区负责空间工作记忆,腹外侧区负责非空间工作记忆。另一种观点则是'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">功能区分说 functional </ins>distinction''',认为腹外侧区域主要负责纯粹的信息维护,而背外侧区域则更倾向于负责记忆材料的处理。虽然分歧并没有彻底解决,但功能区分说还是得到了大多数证据的支持<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Owen, A. M.|title=The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: the contribution of functional neuroimaging |journal=The European Journal of Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=1329–39 |date=July 1997 |pmid=9240390 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01487.x}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l128" >第128行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第128行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>我们一般认为,工作记忆包括两种过程——两类过程发生于额叶和顶叶两个不同位置<ref name="Bledowski">{{Cite journal|author=Bledowski, C.|author2=Rahm, B.|author3=Rowe, J. B. |title=What 'works' in working memory? Separate systems for selection and updating of critical information |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=29 |issue=43 |pages=13735–41 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19864586 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2547-09.2009 |pmc=2785708}}</ref>。首先是检索最相关项的选择操作,其次是更改关注焦点的更新操作。更新操作包括'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">额上沟superior </del>frontal sulcus'''尾部和'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">后顶叶皮质posterior </del>parietal cortex'''的短暂激活,选择操作随选择的需求增加而选择性地发生额上沟和后扣带回/楔前叶激活<ref name="Bledowski" />。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>我们一般认为,工作记忆包括两种过程——两类过程发生于额叶和顶叶两个不同位置<ref name="Bledowski">{{Cite journal|author=Bledowski, C.|author2=Rahm, B.|author3=Rowe, J. B. |title=What 'works' in working memory? Separate systems for selection and updating of critical information |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=29 |issue=43 |pages=13735–41 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19864586 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2547-09.2009 |pmc=2785708}}</ref>。首先是检索最相关项的选择操作,其次是更改关注焦点的更新操作。更新操作包括'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">额上沟 superior </ins>frontal sulcus'''尾部和'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">后顶叶皮质 posterior </ins>parietal cortex'''的短暂激活,选择操作随选择的需求增加而选择性地发生额上沟和后扣带回/楔前叶激活<ref name="Bledowski" />。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l134" >第134行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第134行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>脑成像研究已用于进行阅读广度任务或相关任务。任务过程中,PFC的活跃性增加,'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">前扣带皮层anterior </del>cingulate cortex ''' (ACC)的活性也有所增强。那些在任务中表现更好的人的这些区域活性显著提升,且随着时间的推移变得更强。这表明这两个区域的神经活动协调度更高——可能是因为区域间有更强的关联性<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kondo, H.|author2=Osaka, N.|author3=Osaka, M.|title=Cooperation of the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for attention shifting |journal=NeuroImage |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=670–9 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15488417 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Osaka N, Osaka M, Kondo H, Morishita M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H |title=The neural basis of executive function in working memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences |journal=NeuroImage |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=623–31 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14980565 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.069}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>脑成像研究已用于进行阅读广度任务或相关任务。任务过程中,PFC的活跃性增加,'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">前扣带皮层 anterior </ins>cingulate cortex ''' (ACC)的活性也有所增强。那些在任务中表现更好的人的这些区域活性显著提升,且随着时间的推移变得更强。这表明这两个区域的神经活动协调度更高——可能是因为区域间有更强的关联性<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kondo, H.|author2=Osaka, N.|author3=Osaka, M.|title=Cooperation of the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for attention shifting |journal=NeuroImage |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=670–9 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15488417 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Osaka N, Osaka M, Kondo H, Morishita M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H |title=The neural basis of executive function in working memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences |journal=NeuroImage |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=623–31 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14980565 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.069}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 神经模型 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 神经模型 ===</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&diff=27514&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 脑内 */
2021-11-11T12:09:16Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">脑内</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年11月11日 (四) 12:09的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l104" >第104行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第104行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 信息维持的神经机制 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 信息维持的神经机制 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>最初,关于工作记忆神经元和神经递质基础的见解来自于对动物的研究。20世纪30年代,雅各布森 Jacobsen <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jacobsen CF|title= Studies of cerebral function in primates |journal=Comparative Psychology Monographs |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1–68 |year=1938 |oclc=250695441 }}</ref>和富尔顿 Fulton在研究中首次证明了猴子的空间工作记忆能力会因PFC而减损。华金 · 福斯特 Joaquin Fuster <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fuster JM |title=Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: neuronal correlates of transient memory |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |date=January 1973 |pmid=4196203 |doi=10.1152/jn.1973.36.1.61 }}</ref>的后续工作记录了猴子在完成延迟匹配任务时 PFC <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">中神经元的电活动。在该任务中有两个相同的杯子,猴子看到实验人员把一点食物放在其中一个下面。然后一个挡板降下,暂时挡住猴子看向杯子的视线(延迟变量)。之后挡板打开,允许猴子从杯子下面取出食物。在第一次尝试中它成功地得到了食物——这是动物经过特定训练后应该能够完成的任务——要求动物在延迟期内维持对食物位置的记忆。Fuster发现在延迟期间,PFC中的大部分神经元被激活了,表明它们参与了在隔离期间对食物位置的记忆维持。后来的研究发现后'''顶叶皮层posterior </del>parietal <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cortex'''、'''丘脑thalamus'''、'''尾状核caudate'''和'''苍白球globus pallidus'''也有类似的延迟活动神经元。</del><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ashby FG, Ell SW, Valentin VV, Casale MB |title=FROST: a distributed neurocomputational model of working memory maintenance |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=1728–43 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16269109 |doi=10.1162/089892905774589271|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.7179 }}</ref>高德马・拉齐克 Goldman-Rakic 等人的研究表明,脊髓背外侧的PFC与这些大脑区域相互连接,PFC内的神经元微回路凭借反复兴奋的锥体细胞谷氨酸网络来维持工作记忆中的信息——这些神经元网络在延迟期间是持续激活的<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goldman-Rakic PS|title= Cellular basis of working memory |journal=Neuron |volume=14 |issue= 3 |pages=447–485 |year=1995 | pmid = 7695894 | doi = 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90304-6 }}</ref>。这些回路由GABA能中间神经元的侧抑制调节<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rao SG, Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS |title= Destruction and creation of spatial tuning by disinhibition: GABA(A) blockade of prefrontal cortical neurons engaged by working memory |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=20 |pages=485–494 |year=2000|pmid=10627624 |pmc= 6774140 |issue=1|doi= 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00485.2000 }}</ref>。神经调节性唤起系统对PFC工作记忆功能产生了显著影响; 例如,过多或过少的多巴胺或去甲肾上腺素会减损PFC神经网络放电功能<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.003|author1=Arnsten AFT |author2=Paspalas CD |author3=Gamo NJ |author4=Y. Y |author5=Wang M |title= Dynamic Network Connectivity: A new form of neuroplasticity|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|volume=14 |pages=365–375 |year=2010|issue=8|pmid=20554470|pmc=2914830}}</ref>和工作记忆表现<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135535|vauthors=Robbins TW, Arnsten AF |title= The neuropsychopharmacology of fronto-executive function: monoaminergic modulation |journal=Annu Rev Neurosci|volume=32 |pages=267–287 |year=2009|pmid=19555290|pmc=2863127}}</ref>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>最初,关于工作记忆神经元和神经递质基础的见解来自于对动物的研究。20世纪30年代,雅各布森 Jacobsen <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jacobsen CF|title= Studies of cerebral function in primates |journal=Comparative Psychology Monographs |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1–68 |year=1938 |oclc=250695441 }}</ref>和富尔顿 Fulton在研究中首次证明了猴子的空间工作记忆能力会因PFC而减损。华金 · 福斯特 Joaquin Fuster <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fuster JM |title=Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: neuronal correlates of transient memory |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |date=January 1973 |pmid=4196203 |doi=10.1152/jn.1973.36.1.61 }}</ref>的后续工作记录了猴子在完成延迟匹配任务时 PFC <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">中神经元的电活动。在该任务中有两个相同的杯子,猴子看到实验人员把一点食物放在其中一个下面。然后一个挡板降下,暂时挡住猴子看向杯子的视线(延迟变量)。之后挡板打开,允许猴子从杯子下面取出食物。在第一次尝试中它成功地得到了食物——这是动物经过特定训练后应该能够完成的任务——要求动物在延迟期内维持对食物位置的记忆。Fuster发现在延迟期间,PFC中的大部分神经元被激活了,表明它们参与了在隔离期间对食物位置的记忆维持。后来的研究发现后顶叶皮层 posterior </ins>parietal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cortex、丘脑 thalamus、尾状核 caudate和苍白球 globus pallidus也有类似的延迟活动神经元。</ins><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ashby FG, Ell SW, Valentin VV, Casale MB |title=FROST: a distributed neurocomputational model of working memory maintenance |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=1728–43 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16269109 |doi=10.1162/089892905774589271|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.7179 }}</ref>高德马・拉齐克 Goldman-Rakic 等人的研究表明,脊髓背外侧的PFC与这些大脑区域相互连接,PFC内的神经元微回路凭借反复兴奋的锥体细胞谷氨酸网络来维持工作记忆中的信息——这些神经元网络在延迟期间是持续激活的<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goldman-Rakic PS|title= Cellular basis of working memory |journal=Neuron |volume=14 |issue= 3 |pages=447–485 |year=1995 | pmid = 7695894 | doi = 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90304-6 }}</ref>。这些回路由GABA能中间神经元的侧抑制调节<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rao SG, Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS |title= Destruction and creation of spatial tuning by disinhibition: GABA(A) blockade of prefrontal cortical neurons engaged by working memory |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=20 |pages=485–494 |year=2000|pmid=10627624 |pmc= 6774140 |issue=1|doi= 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00485.2000 }}</ref>。神经调节性唤起系统对PFC工作记忆功能产生了显著影响; 例如,过多或过少的多巴胺或去甲肾上腺素会减损PFC神经网络放电功能<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.003|author1=Arnsten AFT |author2=Paspalas CD |author3=Gamo NJ |author4=Y. Y |author5=Wang M |title= Dynamic Network Connectivity: A new form of neuroplasticity|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|volume=14 |pages=365–375 |year=2010|issue=8|pmid=20554470|pmc=2914830}}</ref>和工作记忆表现<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135535|vauthors=Robbins TW, Arnsten AF |title= The neuropsychopharmacology of fronto-executive function: monoaminergic modulation |journal=Annu Rev Neurosci|volume=32 |pages=267–287 |year=2009|pmid=19555290|pmc=2863127}}</ref>。</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l156" >第156行:</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 基因 ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 基因 ==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷