平行过程延伸模型

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The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a fear appeal theory developed by communications scholar Kim Witte that illustrates how individuals react to fear-inducing messages. Witte subsequently published an initial test of the model in Communication Monographs.

The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a fear appeal theory developed by communications scholar Kim Witte that illustrates how individuals react to fear-inducing messages. Witte subsequently published an initial test of the model in Communication Monographs.

扩展并行过程模型(EPPM)是由传播学家金 · 维特(Kim Witte)发展的一种恐惧呼吁理论，它阐述了个体如何对引起恐惧的信息做出反应。维特随后在传播学专著中发表了对该模型的初步测试。

The EPPM was developed by Witte as a response to the significant inconsistencies in fear appeal literature, serving as an extension of previous fear appeal models, hence the use of 'extended' in name 'EPPM'. The model is originally based on Leventhal's Parallel Process Model – a danger and fear control framework that studied how adaptive protective behaviour stemmed from attempts of danger control. It also significantly draws from Roger's Protection motivation theory, which proposes two responses to fear-inducing stimuli: threat appraisal and coping appraisal.

The EPPM was developed by Witte as a response to the significant inconsistencies in fear appeal literature, serving as an extension of previous fear appeal models, hence the use of 'extended' in name 'EPPM'. The model is originally based on Leventhal's Parallel Process Model – a danger and fear control framework that studied how adaptive protective behaviour stemmed from attempts of danger control. It also significantly draws from Roger's Protection motivation theory, which proposes two responses to fear-inducing stimuli: threat appraisal and coping appraisal.

该 EPPM 是由 Witte 开发的，作为对恐惧诉求文献中显著不一致的回应，作为以前恐惧诉求模型的延伸，因此使用了名为“ EPPM”的“延伸”。该模型最初是基于 Leventhal 的并行过程模型-一个危险和恐惧控制框架，研究如何适应性保护行为源于危险控制的尝试。同时，本研究还借鉴了罗杰的保护动机理论，该理论提出了对恐惧诱导刺激的两种反应: 威胁评估和应对评估。

The model's main theory is that when confronted with a fear-inducing stimulus, humans tend to engage in two simultaneous ways of message processing: a perceived efficacy appraisal (cognitive processing) and a perceived threat appraisal (emotional processing). Differences in message appraisal then lead to two behavioural outcomes, with individuals engaging in either a danger control process or a fear control process. In the case of the message being perceived as having no element of threat, individuals do not exhibit a response, and the message is ignored. The EPPM states that the danger control process leads to behavioural change, while the fear control process does not.

The model's main theory is that when confronted with a fear-inducing stimulus, humans tend to engage in two simultaneous ways of message processing: a perceived efficacy appraisal (cognitive processing) and a perceived threat appraisal (emotional processing). Differences in message appraisal then lead to two behavioural outcomes, with individuals engaging in either a danger control process or a fear control process. In the case of the message being perceived as having no element of threat, individuals do not exhibit a response, and the message is ignored. The EPPM states that the danger control process leads to behavioural change, while the fear control process does not.

该模型的主要理论是，当面对恐惧诱导刺激时，人类倾向于同时进行两种信息处理方式: 感知效能评估(认知处理)和感知威胁评估(情绪处理)。信息评估的差异会导致两种行为结果，个体要么参与危险控制过程，要么参与恐惧控制过程。在信息被认为没有威胁因素的情况下，个体不表现出反应，信息被忽略。EPPM 指出，危险控制过程会导致行为改变，而恐惧控制过程不会。

Witte's EPPM expands on previous fear appeal studies by explaining the reasons for failure in fear appeals and reincorporating fear as a central variable in the model. This is also the first fear appeal model that outlines the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms.

Witte's EPPM expands on previous fear appeal studies by explaining the reasons for failure in fear appeals and reincorporating fear as a central variable in the model. This is also the first fear appeal model that outlines the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms.

Witte 的 EPPM 通过解释恐惧上诉失败的原因和将恐惧作为模型中的一个中心变量来扩展以前的恐惧上诉研究。这也是第一个以命题形式概述威胁和效能之间关系的恐惧上诉模型。

The EPPM concludes that a fear control process leads to message rejection, while a danger control process leads to message acceptance, leading to adaptive behavioural changes.

The EPPM concludes that a fear control process leads to message rejection, while a danger control process leads to message acceptance, leading to adaptive behavioural changes.

EPPM 的结论是，恐惧控制过程导致消息拒绝，而危险控制过程导致消息接受，导致适应性行为变化。

Background

Witte's motivations for designing an updated fear appeal model was due to the declining role of fear in fear appeals. While initially, fear was the pinnacle of theoretical fear appeal literature, it was starting to be considered as a control variable in subsequent models. A lack of precision in the Parallel Process Model and empirical inconsistencies in the Protection Motivation Theory were also noted by Witte as reasons for formulating an extended parallel process model.

Witte's motivations for designing an updated fear appeal model was due to the declining role of fear in fear appeals. While initially, fear was the pinnacle of theoretical fear appeal literature, it was starting to be considered as a control variable in subsequent models. A lack of precision in the Parallel Process Model and empirical inconsistencies in the Protection Motivation Theory were also noted by Witte as reasons for formulating an extended parallel process model.

威特设计一个更新的恐惧上诉模型的动机是由于恐惧在恐惧上诉中的作用正在减弱。尽管最初，恐惧是理论上恐惧诉求文学的顶峰，但在后来的模型中，它开始被认为是一种控制变量。维特还指出，并行过程模型缺乏精确性和保护动机理论中的经验不一致性也是建立扩展的并行过程模型的原因。

Two main components of large-scale public messaging that induce behavioural change are fear appeals and fear appraisals. Fear appeals are specifically designed to elicit fear and nudge individuals to adapt to the recommendations in the message. They find their use in public health campaigns and political adverts, and are designed to fit three main categories: message, behaviour, and the audience.

Two main components of large-scale public messaging that induce behavioural change are fear appeals and fear appraisals. Fear appeals are specifically designed to elicit fear and nudge individuals to adapt to the recommendations in the message. They find their use in public health campaigns and political adverts, and are designed to fit three main categories: message, behaviour, and the audience.

引起行为改变的大规模公共信息的两个主要组成部分是恐惧上诉和恐惧评估。恐惧呼吁是专门设计来引起恐惧和推动个人适应信息中的建议。它们在公共卫生运动和政治广告中得到了应用，并被设计成符合三个主要类别: 信息、行为和受众。

• Message: The content that is included in the fear-inducing message
• Behaviour: The behavioural response recommended by the message
• Audience: The characteristics of the audience receiving the message

• Message: The content that is included in the fear-inducing message
• Behaviour: The behavioural response recommended by the message
• Audience: The characteristics of the audience receiving the message

信息: 包含在恐惧诱导信息中的内容行为: 信息推荐的行为反应听众: 接收信息的听众的特征

Fear appraisals are the mental evaluations made in response to experiencing fear-inducing stimuli and are also known as threat appraisals. Fear appeal literature is primarily focused on understanding key fear appraisal processes in humans, with the intention of using it to drive social campaigns and behavioural interventions.

Fear appraisals are the mental evaluations made in response to experiencing fear-inducing stimuli and are also known as threat appraisals. Fear appeal literature is primarily focused on understanding key fear appraisal processes in humans, with the intention of using it to drive social campaigns and behavioural interventions.

恐惧评估是针对体验恐惧诱导刺激而做出的心理评估，也被称为威胁评估。恐惧呼吁文学主要侧重于理解人类关键的恐惧评估过程，目的是利用它来推动社会运动和行为干预。

Components

The EPPM uses persuasive fear-inducing messages to induce intended behavioural responses. Wittle details three main processes involved in fear appraisal: the fear appeal inputs, the message processing of the inputs, and the outputs, or action taken after evaluating the perceived threat.

The EPPM uses persuasive fear-inducing messages to induce intended behavioural responses. Wittle details three main processes involved in fear appraisal: the fear appeal inputs, the message processing of the inputs, and the outputs, or action taken after evaluating the perceived threat.

= = 组件 = = EPPM 使用有说服力的恐惧诱导信息来诱导预期的行为反应。威特尔详细描述了恐惧评估中涉及的三个主要过程: 恐惧呼吁输入、输入信息的处理、输出以及评估感知威胁后采取的行动。

Fear appeal inputs

文件:Extended Parallel Process Model.png

Illustration of the Extended Parallel Process Model.

According to fear appeal studies, a fear appeal has two components: a component of threat and a component of efficacy. These two components are further divided into two categories each. The threat component is composed of severity and susceptibility, while the efficacy component is composed of response efficacy and self-efficacy.

400px|thumb|Illustration of the Extended Parallel Process Model.According to fear appeal studies, a fear appeal has two components: a component of threat and a component of efficacy. These two components are further divided into two categories each. The threat component is composed of severity and susceptibility, while the efficacy component is composed of response efficacy and self-efficacy.

= = = 恐惧呼吁输入 = = 400px | 拇指 | 扩展并行处理模型的插图 | 根据恐惧呼吁研究，恐惧呼吁有两个组成部分: 威胁的一个组成部分和功效的一个组成部分。这两个组成部分进一步分为两个类别。威胁成分由严重性和易感性构成，效能成分由反应效能和自我效能构成。

These four key factors, as defined by the EPPM, predict the likely outcome of communications that involve a fear appeal.

These four key factors, as defined by the EPPM, predict the likely outcome of communications that involve a fear appeal.

根据 EPPM 的定义，这四个关键因素可以预测涉及恐惧呼吁的沟通的可能结果。

Threat variables

Threat variables

威胁变量

• Susceptibility – The perception the individual has of how likely the threat is to impact them.
• Severity – The perception the individual has of the magnitude of the threat.

• Susceptibility – The perception the individual has of how likely the threat is to impact them.
• Severity – The perception the individual has of the magnitude of the threat.

• 易感性——个人对威胁影响他们的可能性的感知。
• 严重性——个人对威胁程度的感知。

Efficacy variables

Efficacy variables

疗效变量

• Self-efficacy – The perception the individual has that they are competent to perform the tasks needed to control the risk.
• Response efficacy – The perception the individual has that the action, if carried out, will successfully control the risk.

• Self-efficacy – The perception the individual has that they are competent to perform the tasks needed to control the risk.
• Response efficacy – The perception the individual has that the action, if carried out, will successfully control the risk.

• 自我效能——个人认为他们有能力完成控制风险所需的任务。
• 反应效能-个人认为，如果采取行动，将成功控制风险。

The outcome of fear appeals is determined by an appraisal, that is, the evaluation of the message as either dangerous or indifferent.

The outcome of fear appeals is determined by an appraisal, that is, the evaluation of the message as either dangerous or indifferent.

恐惧上诉的结果是由一种评价决定的，也就是说，评价信息是危险的还是无关紧要的。

Fear appraisal

Appraisal Theory states that an individual makes either an emotional or affective response to external stimuli. The EPPM outlines two primary appraisals an individual makes in response to a fear appeal: a threat appraisal, followed by an efficacy appraisal.

Appraisal Theory states that an individual makes either an emotional or affective response to external stimuli. The EPPM outlines two primary appraisals an individual makes in response to a fear appeal: a threat appraisal, followed by an efficacy appraisal.

恐惧评估评估理论认为一个人对外部刺激做出情感或情感上的反应。EPPM 概述了一个人对恐惧呼吁做出的两个主要评估: 威胁评估，然后是效能评估。

Low threat appraisal

When a threat appraisal is perceived to be low, i.e., there is a lack of imminent threat, the fear appeal is rejected immediately.

Moderate to High threat appraisal

When a threat appraisal is perceived as moderate or high, fear is induced, and individuals begin the efficacy appraisal.

Low efficacy appraisal

When the efficacy appraisal is perceived to be low, the message does not induce behavioural change.

Moderate to High efficacy appraisal

When the efficacy appraisal is perceived as moderate or high, the message induces a behavioural change.

Low threat appraisal

When a threat appraisal is perceived to be low, i.e., there is a lack of imminent threat, the fear appeal is rejected immediately.

Moderate to High threat appraisal

When a threat appraisal is perceived as moderate or high, fear is induced, and individuals begin the efficacy appraisal.

Low efficacy appraisal

When the efficacy appraisal is perceived to be low, the message does not induce behavioural change.

Moderate to High efficacy appraisal

When the efficacy appraisal is perceived as moderate or high, the message induces a behavioural change.

低威胁评估: 当一个威胁评估被认为是低，即，有一个迫在眉睫的威胁，恐惧上诉立即被拒绝。中度至高度威胁评估: 当威胁评估被认为是中度或高度时，就会引起恐惧，个体就会开始效能评估。; 低效能评估: 当效能评估被认为是低，信息不诱发行为改变。中度至高度效能评估: 当效能评估被认为是中度或高度时，信息诱发行为改变。

After appraisals of the fear appeal, individuals then take action based on whether the threat is imminent or trivial.

After appraisals of the fear appeal, individuals then take action based on whether the threat is imminent or trivial.

在对恐惧上诉进行评估之后，个人会根据威胁是迫在眉睫还是微不足道采取行动。

Fear Appeal Outputs

The EPPM predicts three possible outputs after the fear appraisal is carried out:

The EPPM predicts three possible outputs after the fear appraisal is carried out:

= = 恐惧呼吁输出 = = EPPM 在进行恐惧评估后预测了三种可能的输出:

Danger control

When an individual perceives that the severity and susceptibility are high (i.e., high threat appraisal) and also perceives that they are competent to take mitigating action (i.e., high efficacy appraisal), then they are likely to act to control the danger.

Fear control

The model predicts that if an individual perceives their ability to control risk as low, even if the severity and susceptibility are perceived as high, they are likely to take steps to control their fear instead. Fear control responses are defined as coping mechanisms that reduce fear and include denial, psychological reactance and defensive avoidance. These are maladaptive changes, or counterproductive behaviours. Fear controlling behaviour may involve the use of cognitive defence mechanisms such as "It will happen to me sooner or later", in order to manage the state of anxiety.

No Response

The severity or susceptibility of the danger is perceived as low, and the individual rejects the message. There is no behavioural change.

Danger control

When an individual perceives that the severity and susceptibility are high (i.e., high threat appraisal) and also perceives that they are competent to take mitigating action (i.e., high efficacy appraisal), then they are likely to act to control the danger.

Fear control

The model predicts that if an individual perceives their ability to control risk as low, even if the severity and susceptibility are perceived as high, they are likely to take steps to control their fear instead. Fear control responses are defined as coping mechanisms that reduce fear and include denial, psychological reactance and defensive avoidance. These are maladaptive changes, or counterproductive behaviours. Fear controlling behaviour may involve the use of cognitive defence mechanisms such as "It will happen to me sooner or later", in order to manage the state of anxiety.

No Response

The severity or susceptibility of the danger is perceived as low, and the individual rejects the message. There is no behavioural change.

危险控制: 当个体认识到严重性和易感性很高(即高威胁评估) ，并且也认识到他们有能力采取缓解行动(即高效能评估) ，那么他们可能会采取行动来控制危险。恐惧控制: 该模型预测，如果一个人认为他们控制风险的能力很低，即使严重性和易感性被认为很高，他们可能会采取措施来控制他们的恐惧。恐惧控制反应被定义为减少恐惧的应对机制，包括否认、心理反应和防御性回避。这些都是适应不良的变化，或适得其反的行为。控制恐惧的行为可能涉及使用认知防御机制，如“这迟早会发生在我身上”，以管理焦虑的状态。无反应: 危险的严重性或易感性被认为是低，个人拒绝信息。没有行为上的改变。

Applications

The EPPM model is mainly used in social and behaviour change communication (SBCC). Practitioners design a general communications program, such as a campaign or an advert, and then test the effectiveness of the program through implementation. SBCC methods in healthcare, education, and marketing have employed the EPPM to induce behavioural change in patients and customers.

The EPPM model is mainly used in social and behaviour change communication (SBCC). Practitioners design a general communications program, such as a campaign or an advert, and then test the effectiveness of the program through implementation. SBCC methods in healthcare, education, and marketing have employed the EPPM to induce behavioural change in patients and customers.

EPPM 模型主要用于社交和行为改变沟通(SBCC)。从业人员设计一个通用的传播方案，如宣传活动或广告，然后通过实施测试方案的有效性。SBCC 方法在医疗保健、教育和市场营销中已经应用了 EPPM 来诱导患者和顾客的行为改变。

Multiple versions of the EPPM are employed in health campaigns. For example, EPPM-based campaigns have helped increase colorectal cancer screening participation among young adults. Other usages of EPPM lie in shaping public perceptions, such as in political adverts, climate change messages, and pandemic responses.

Multiple versions of the EPPM are employed in health campaigns. For example, EPPM-based campaigns have helped increase colorectal cancer screening participation among young adults. Other usages of EPPM lie in shaping public perceptions, such as in political adverts, climate change messages, and pandemic responses.

在卫生运动中采用了多种版本的 EPPM。例如，以 EPPM 为基础的活动帮助增加了年轻人参与大肠癌筛查的人数。EPPM 的其他用途在于塑造公众的观念，例如在政治广告、气候变化信息和流行病应对措施中。

Criticisms

While the EPPM has been effective in health campaigns and behavioural change interventions, there are limitations that have been pointed out through rigorous meta-analytical studies.

While the EPPM has been effective in health campaigns and behavioural change interventions, there are limitations that have been pointed out through rigorous meta-analytical studies.

= = 批评 = = 虽然 EPPM 在健康运动和行为改变干预措施方面是有效的，但通过严格的元分析研究指出了一些局限性。

Reviews have highlighted the many applications of the EPPM model in its 20 years since initial publication but significant theoretical questions on the operationalization of key constructs remain and not all of its hypotheses have received empirical support.

Reviews have highlighted the many applications of the EPPM model in its 20 years since initial publication but significant theoretical questions on the operationalization of key constructs remain and not all of its hypotheses have received empirical support.

评论强调了 EPPM 模型自初次发表以来的20年中的许多应用，但关于关键结构操作主义的重大理论问题依然存在，而且并非所有的假设都得到了实证支持。

Lucy Popova's 'The Extended Parallel Process Model: Illuminating the Gaps in Research', is an extensive review on the theoretical and empirical applications of the EPPM. Popova discovered that the strong theoretical foundations has some inconsistencies in a few of its operational definitions. A systematic review of existing literature on EPPMs found that its propositions had no clear empirical support. The outcomes of fear appeals differ slightly from what the EPPM claims. This questions the practical validity of the EPPM.

Lucy Popova's 'The Extended Parallel Process Model: Illuminating the Gaps in Research', is an extensive review on the theoretical and empirical applications of the EPPM. Popova discovered that the strong theoretical foundations has some inconsistencies in a few of its operational definitions. A systematic review of existing literature on EPPMs found that its propositions had no clear empirical support. The outcomes of fear appeals differ slightly from what the EPPM claims. This questions the practical validity of the EPPM.

Lucy Popova 的“扩展的并行过程模型: 阐明研究中的差距”，是对 EPPM 的理论和实证应用的广泛评论。波波娃发现，强大的理论基础有一些自相矛盾的操作定义。一份关于以系统综述为基础的经济政策和措施的现有文献发现，其主张没有明确的经验支持。恐惧上诉的结果与 EPPM 声称的略有不同。这对 EPPM 的实际有效性提出了质疑。

See also

• Social and behaviour change communication – Communication strategies designed to create positive behavioural interventions
• Behavioural change theories – Theories that attempt to use wide explanations to predict why human behaviours change
• Theory of planned behavior – The idea that an individual's beliefs shape their behavioural intentions

• Social and behaviour change communication – Communication strategies designed to create positive behavioural interventions
• Behavioural change theories – Theories that attempt to use wide explanations to predict why human behaviours change
• Theory of planned behavior – The idea that an individual's beliefs shape their behavioural intentions

社交和行为改变沟通——旨在创造积极行为干预的沟通策略

• 行为改变理论——试图用广泛的解释来预测人类行为为什么改变的理论
• 计划行为理论——个人信念塑造其行为意图的观点

References

Category:Attitude change

分类: 态度转变

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Extended parallel process model. Its edit history can be viewed at 平行过程延伸模型/edithistory