最大功率原理

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文件:MaximumPowerESL.gif
Maximum Power Principle in Energy Systems Language adapted from Odum and Odum 2000, p. 38

The maximum power principle or Lotka's principle[1] has been proposed as the fourth principle of energetics in open system thermodynamics, where an example of an open system is a biological cell. According to Howard T. Odum, "The maximum power principle can be stated: During self-organization, system designs develop and prevail that maximize power intake, energy transformation, and those uses that reinforce production and efficiency."[2]

The maximum power principle or Lotka's principle has been proposed as the fourth principle of energetics in open system thermodynamics, where an example of an open system is a biological cell. According to Howard T. Odum, "The maximum power principle can be stated: During self-organization, system designs develop and prevail that maximize power intake, energy transformation, and those uses that reinforce production and efficiency."H.T. Odum 1995, p. 311

在开放系统热力学中,最大功率原理或lotka原理是能量学的第四原理,生物细胞就是开放系统的一个例子。根据 Howard T Odum 的观点,最大功率原则可以表述为: 在自组织过程中,系统设计的发展和流行,最大限度地提高了能量摄入、能量转换以及增强生产和效率的用途

History

Chen (2006) has located the origin of the statement of maximum power as a formal principle in a tentative proposal by Alfred J. Lotka (1922a, b). Lotka's statement sought to explain the Darwinian notion of evolution with reference to a physical principle. Lotka's work was subsequently developed by the systems ecologist Howard T. Odum in collaboration with the chemical engineer Richard C. Pinkerton, and later advanced by the engineer Myron Tribus.

Chen (2006) has located the origin of the statement of maximum power as a formal principle in a tentative proposal by Alfred J. Lotka (1922a, b). Lotka's statement sought to explain the Darwinian notion of evolution with reference to a physical principle. Lotka's work was subsequently developed by the systems ecologist Howard T. Odum in collaboration with the chemical engineer Richard C. Pinkerton, and later advanced by the engineer Myron Tribus.

在阿尔弗雷德 · 洛特卡(1922a,b)的一个试探性建议中,陈(2006)将最大功率陈述的起源定位为一个正式原则。Lotka的声明试图用物理学原理来解释达尔文的进化论概念。洛特卡的工作随后由系统生态学家霍华德 · t · 奥德姆与化学工程师理查德 · c · 平克顿合作开发,后来由工程师迈伦 · 特里布斯提出。

While Lotka's work may have been a first attempt to formalise evolutionary thought in mathematical terms, it followed similar observations made by Leibniz and Volterra and Ludwig Boltzmann, for example, throughout the sometimes controversial history of natural philosophy. In contemporary literature it is most commonly associated with the work of Howard T. Odum.

While Lotka's work may have been a first attempt to formalise evolutionary thought in mathematical terms, it followed similar observations made by Leibniz and Volterra and Ludwig Boltzmann, for example, throughout the sometimes controversial history of natural philosophy. In contemporary literature it is most commonly associated with the work of Howard T. Odum.

尽管 Lotka 的工作可能是第一次尝试用数学术语来正式化进化思想,但是它遵循了 Leibniz 和沃尔泰拉以及路德维希·玻尔兹曼的类似观察,例如,贯穿自然哲学有时颇具争议的历史。在当代文学中,它通常与霍华德 · t · 奥德姆的作品联系在一起。

The significance of Odum's approach was given greater support during the 1970s, amid times of oil crisis, where, as Gilliland (1978, pp. 100) observed, there was an emerging need for a new method of analysing the importance and value of energy resources to economic and environmental production. A field known as energy analysis, itself associated with net energy and EROEI, arose to fulfill this analytic need. However, in energy analysis intractable theoretical and practical difficulties arose when using the energy unit to understand, a) the conversion among concentrated fuel types (or energy types), b) the contribution of labour, and c) the contribution of the environment.

The significance of Odum's approach was given greater support during the 1970s, amid times of oil crisis, where, as Gilliland (1978, pp. 100) observed, there was an emerging need for a new method of analysing the importance and value of energy resources to economic and environmental production. A field known as energy analysis, itself associated with net energy and EROEI, arose to fulfill this analytic need. However, in energy analysis intractable theoretical and practical difficulties arose when using the energy unit to understand, a) the conversion among concentrated fuel types (or energy types), b) the contribution of labour, and c) the contribution of the environment.

奥杜姆方法的重要性在20世纪70年代石油危机时期得到了更大的支持。100)指出,目前正在出现需要一种新的方法来分析能源资源对经济和环境生产的重要性和价值。一个被称为能量分析的领域,本身与净能量和 erei 相关联,产生来满足这种分析的需要。然而,在能源分析中,当使用能源单位来理解: a)浓缩燃料类型(或能源类型)之间的转换,b)劳动的贡献,c)环境的贡献时,会出现棘手的理论和实际困难。

Philosophy and theory

Lotka said (1922b: 151): 模板:Cquote

Lotka said (1922b: 151):


= = 哲学和理论 = 洛特卡说过(1922b: 151) :

Gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies (different concentrations of fuels, labour and environmental forces). Gilliland (Gilliland 1978, p. 101) suggested that Odum's statement of the maximum power principle (H.T.Odum 1978, pp. 54–87) was, perhaps, an adequate expression of the requisite theory: 模板:Cquote

Gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies (different concentrations of fuels, labour and environmental forces). Gilliland (Gilliland 1978, p. 101) suggested that Odum's statement of the maximum power principle (H.T.Odum 1978, pp. 54–87) was, perhaps, an adequate expression of the requisite theory:


Gilliland 指出,这些分析上的困难反过来又需要一些新的理论来充分解释这些不同能量(不同浓度的燃料、劳动力和环境力量)之间的相互作用和交易。Gilliland (Gilliland 1978,第101页)建议 Odum 关于最大功率原则的声明(h.t.Odum 1978,pp。54-87) ,或许是对这一必要理论的充分表述:

This theory Odum called maximum power theory. In order to formulate maximum power theory Gilliland observed that Odum had added another law (the maximum power principle) to the already well established laws of thermodynamics. In 1978 Gilliland wrote that Odum's new law had not yet been validated (Gilliland 1978, p. 101). Gilliland stated that in maximum power theory the second law efficiency of thermodynamics required an additional physical concept: "the concept of second law efficiency under maximum power" (Gilliland 1978, p. 101):

This theory Odum called maximum power theory. In order to formulate maximum power theory Gilliland observed that Odum had added another law (the maximum power principle) to the already well established laws of thermodynamics. In 1978 Gilliland wrote that Odum's new law had not yet been validated (Gilliland 1978, p. 101). Gilliland stated that in maximum power theory the second law efficiency of thermodynamics required an additional physical concept: "the concept of second law efficiency under maximum power" (Gilliland 1978, p. 101):

这个理论被称为最大功率理论。为了阐明最大功率理论,Gilliland 观察到 Odum 在已经确立的热力学定律基础上增加了另一个定律(最大功率原理)。1978年,Gilliland 写道,Odum 的新法律尚未生效(Gilliland 1978,第101页)。Gilliland 指出,在最大幂理论中,热力学第二定律效率需要一个额外的物理概念:”最大幂下第二定律效率的概念”(Gilliland 1978年,第101页) :

模板:Cquote

In this way the concept of maximum power was being used as a principle to quantitatively describe the selective law of biological evolution. Perhaps H.T.Odum's most concise statement of this view was (1970, p. 62):


In this way the concept of maximum power was being used as a principle to quantitatively describe the selective law of biological evolution. Perhaps H.T.Odum's most concise statement of this view was (1970, p. 62):

以这种方式,最大功率的概念被用来作为一个原则,定量地描述生物进化的选择法则。也许 H.T.Odum 对这一观点最简洁的陈述是(1970年,第62页) :

模板:Cquote

The Odum–Pinkerton approach to Lotka's proposal was to apply Ohm's law – and the associated maximum power theorem (a result in electrical power systems) – to ecological systems. Odum and Pinkerton defined "power" in electronic terms as the rate of work, where Work is understood as a "useful energy transformation". The concept of maximum power can therefore be defined as the maximum rate of useful energy transformation. Hence the underlying philosophy aims to unify the theories and associated laws of electronic and thermodynamic systems with biological systems. This approach presupposed an analogical view which sees the world as an ecological-electronic-economic engine.

The Odum–Pinkerton approach to Lotka's proposal was to apply Ohm's law – and the associated maximum power theorem (a result in electrical power systems) – to ecological systems. Odum and Pinkerton defined "power" in electronic terms as the rate of work, where Work is understood as a "useful energy transformation". The concept of maximum power can therefore be defined as the maximum rate of useful energy transformation. Hence the underlying philosophy aims to unify the theories and associated laws of electronic and thermodynamic systems with biological systems. This approach presupposed an analogical view which sees the world as an ecological-electronic-economic engine.

对于 Lotka 的提议,Odum-Pinkerton 的方法是将欧姆定律和相关的最大功率定理(电力系统的一个结果)应用到生态系统中。欧达姆和 Pinkerton 在电子术语中将“功率”定义为功率,而功被理解为“有用的能量转换”。因此,最大功率的概念可以定义为有用能量转换的最大速率。因此,根本的哲学目的是统一的理论和相关的规律的电子和热力学系统与生物系统。这种方法预先假定了一种类比的观点,认为世界是一个生态-电子-经济的引擎。

Proposals for maximum power principle as 4th thermodynamic law

It has been pointed out by Boltzmann that the fundamental object of contention in the life-struggle, in the evolution of the organic world, is available energy. In accord with this observation is the principle that, in the struggle for existence, the advantage must go to those organisms whose energy-capturing devices are most efficient in directing available energy into channels favorable to the preservation of the species.

...it seems to this author appropriate to unite the biological and physical traditions by giving the Darwinian principle of natural selection the citation as the fourth law of thermodynamics, since it is the controlling principle in rate of heat generation and efficiency settings in irreversible biological processes.

...it may be time to recognize the maximum power principle as the fourth thermodynamic law as suggested by Lotka.

Definition in words

模板:Cquote

模板:Cquote

Odum et al. viewed the maximum power theorem as a principle of power-efficiency reciprocity selection with wider application than just electronics. For example, Odum saw it in open systems operating on solar energy, like both photovoltaics and photosynthesis (1963, p. 438). Like the maximum power theorem, Odum's statement of the maximum power principle relies on the notion of 'matching', such that high-quality energy maximizes power by matching and amplifying energy (1994, pp. 262, 541): "in surviving designs a matching of high-quality energy with larger amounts of low-quality energy is likely to occur" (1994, p. 260). As with electronic circuits, the resultant rate of energy transformation will be at a maximum at an intermediate power efficiency. In 2006, T.T. Cai, C.L. Montague and J.S. Davis said that, "The maximum power principle is a potential guide to understanding the patterns and processes of ecosystem development and sustainability. The principle predicts the selective persistence of ecosystem designs that capture a previously untapped energy source." (2006, p. 317). In several texts H.T. Odum gave the Atwood machine as a practical example of the 'principle' of maximum power.

Odum et al. viewed the maximum power theorem as a principle of power-efficiency reciprocity selection with wider application than just electronics. For example, Odum saw it in open systems operating on solar energy, like both photovoltaics and photosynthesis (1963, p. 438). Like the maximum power theorem, Odum's statement of the maximum power principle relies on the notion of 'matching', such that high-quality energy maximizes power by matching and amplifying energy (1994, pp. 262, 541): "in surviving designs a matching of high-quality energy with larger amounts of low-quality energy is likely to occur" (1994, p. 260). As with electronic circuits, the resultant rate of energy transformation will be at a maximum at an intermediate power efficiency. In 2006, T.T. Cai, C.L. Montague and J.S. Davis said that, "The maximum power principle is a potential guide to understanding the patterns and processes of ecosystem development and sustainability. The principle predicts the selective persistence of ecosystem designs that capture a previously untapped energy source." (2006, p. 317). In several texts H.T. Odum gave the Atwood machine as a practical example of the 'principle' of maximum power.

等。将最大功率定理视为功率效率互易选择原则,其应用范围不仅限于电子学。例如,Odum 在开放系统中看到了它,这些系统运行在太阳能上,比如光伏和光合作用(1963年,第438页)。和最大功率定理一样,Odum 关于最大功率原理的陈述也依赖于“匹配”的概念,即高质量的能量通过匹配和放大能量使功率最大化(1994,pp。262,541) : “在现存的设计中,可能会出现高质量能源与大量低质量能源的匹配”(1994年,第260页)。与电子电路一样,在中等功率效率时,能量转换的合成速率将达到最大值。2006年,t.t。蔡先生。蒙塔古和 j.s。戴维斯说: “最大功率原则是理解生态系统发展和可持续性的模式和过程的潜在指南。这一原则预示着生态系统设计的选择性持久性,这些设计将获取以前未曾利用过的能源。”(2006, p. 317).在一些文本中,h.t。欧达姆给出了阿特伍德机器作为一个最大功率原则的实际例子。

Mathematical definition

The mathematical definition given by H.T. Odum is formally analogous to the definition provided on the maximum power theorem article. (For a brief explanation of Odum's approach to the relationship between ecology and electronics see Ecological Analog of Ohm's Law)

The mathematical definition given by H.T. Odum is formally analogous to the definition provided on the maximum power theorem article. (For a brief explanation of Odum's approach to the relationship between ecology and electronics see Ecological Analog of Ohm's Law)

= = = = 数学定义 = = =

由 h.t. 给出的数学定义。欧达姆形式上类似于最大幂定理文章中给出的定义。(要简要说明欧达姆对生态学和电子学之间关系的研究方法,请参阅欧姆定律的生态模拟)

Contemporary ideas

Whether or not the principle of maximum power efficiency can be considered the fourth law of thermodynamics and the fourth principle of energetics is moot. Nevertheless, H.T. Odum also proposed a corollary of maximum power as the organisational principle of evolution, describing the evolution of microbiological systems, economic systems, planetary systems, and astrophysical systems. He called this corollary the maximum empower principle. This was suggested because, as S.E. Jorgensen, M.T. Brown, H.T. Odum (2004) note,

Whether or not the principle of maximum power efficiency can be considered the fourth law of thermodynamics and the fourth principle of energetics is moot. Nevertheless, H.T. Odum also proposed a corollary of maximum power as the organisational principle of evolution, describing the evolution of microbiological systems, economic systems, planetary systems, and astrophysical systems. He called this corollary the maximum empower principle. This was suggested because, as S.E. Jorgensen, M.T. Brown, H.T. Odum (2004) note,

能效最大化原则是否可以被认为是能量学的第四个热力学定律和第四个原则尚无定论。尽管如此,h.t。欧杜姆还提出了最大力量的推论,作为组织进化原则,描述了微生物系统、经济系统、行星系统和天体物理系统的进化。他把这个推论称为最大授权原则。这是因为,正如 s.e。乔根森,m.t。布朗,h.t。欧达姆(2004)注,

Maximum power might be misunderstood to mean giving priority to low level processes. ... However, the higher level transformation processes are just as important as the low level processes. ... Therefore, Lotka's principle is clarified by stating it as the principle of self organization for maximum empower.

C. Giannantoni may have confused matters when he wrote "The "Maximum Em-Power Principle" (Lotka–Odum) is generally considered the "Fourth Thermodynamic Principle" (mainly) because of its practical validity for a very wide class of physical and biological systems" (C. Giannantoni 2002, § 13, p. 155). Nevertheless, Giannantoni has proposed the Maximum Em-Power Principle as the fourth principle of thermodynamics (Giannantoni 2006).

C. Giannantoni may have confused matters when he wrote "The "Maximum Em-Power Principle" (Lotka–Odum) is generally considered the "Fourth Thermodynamic Principle" (mainly) because of its practical validity for a very wide class of physical and biological systems" (C. Giannantoni 2002, § 13, p. 155). Nevertheless, Giannantoni has proposed the Maximum Em-Power Principle as the fourth principle of thermodynamics (Giannantoni 2006).

当 c. Giannantoni 写下“最大电磁能原理”(Lotka-Odum)时,他可能把事情搞混了,因为这个原理被普遍认为是“第四热力学原理”(主要是) ,因为它对于一个非常广泛的物理和生物系统来说是有效的。然而,Giannantoni 提出了最大电磁功率原理作为热力学第四原理(Giannantoni 2006)。

The preceding discussion is incomplete. The "maximum power" was discovered several times independently, in physics and engineering, see: Novikov (1957), El-Wakil (1962), and Curzon and Ahlborn (1975). The incorrectness of this analysis and design evolution conclusions was demonstrated by Gyftopoulos (2002).

The preceding discussion is incomplete. The "maximum power" was discovered several times independently, in physics and engineering, see: Novikov (1957), El-Wakil (1962), and Curzon and Ahlborn (1975). The incorrectness of this analysis and design evolution conclusions was demonstrated by Gyftopoulos (2002).

前面的讨论是不完整的。在物理学和工程学中,“最大功率”被独立地发现了好几次,见: Novikov (1957) ,El-Wakil (1962) ,Curzon 和 Ahlborn (1975)。Gyftopoulos (2002)证明了这种分析和设计演化结论的错误性。

See also

  • Maximum power theorem
  • Maximum entropy thermodynamics
  • Entropy production
  • Exergy efficiency
  • Energy conversion efficiency
  • Energy rate density
  • Exergy
  • Jeremy England
  • Free energy
  • Emergy
  • Systems ecology
  • Ecological economics
  • Will to power

= = = = = = 最大功率定理最大熵热力学产生熵效率能量转换效率能量密度英格兰自由能系统生态学生态经济学意志力

References

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  2. H.T. Odum 1995, p. 311
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  • H.T.Odum and R.C.Pinkerton (1955) 'Time's speed regulator: The optimum efficiency for maximum output in physical and biological systems ', Am. Sci., 43 pp. 331–343.
  • H.T.Odum and M.T.Brown (2007) Environment, Power and Society for the Twenty-First Century: The Hierarchy of Energy, Columbia University Press.
  • M.Tribus (1961) § 16.11 'Generalized Treatment of Linear Systems Used for Power Production', Thermostatics and Thermodynamics, Van Nostrand, University Series in Basic Engineering, p. 619.
  • Novikov I. I., (1958). The efficiency of atomic power stations. J. Nuclear Energy II, Vol. 7, pp. 125–128; translated from Atomnaya Energia, Vol. 3, (1957), No. 11, p. 409
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  • Gyftopoulos E. P., (2002). On the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency and its lack of connection to power producing processes, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 43, pp. 609–615.


  • T.T. Cai, C.L. Montague and J.S. Davis (2006) 'The maximum power principle: An empirical investigation', Ecological Modelling, Volume 190, Issues 3–4, Pages 317–335
  • G.Q. Chen (2006) 'Scarcity of exergy and ecological evaluation based on embodied exergy', Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, Volume 11, Issue 4, July, Pages 531–552.
  • R.Costanza, J.H.Cumberland, H.E.Daly, R.Goodland and R.B.Norgaard (1997) An Introduction to Ecological Economics, CRC Press – St. Lucie Press, First Edition.
  • F.L.Curzon and B.Ahlborn (1975) 'Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power output', Am J Phys, 43, pp. 22–24.
  • C.Giannantoni (2002) The Maximum Em-Power Principle as the basis for Thermodynamics of Quality, Servizi Grafici Editoriali, Padova.
  • C.Giannantoni (2006) Mathematics for generative processes: Living and non-living systems, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Volume 189, Issue 1–2, Pages 324–340.
  • M.W.Gilliland ed. (1978) Energy Analysis: A New Public Policy Tool, AAA Selected Symposia Series, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
  • C.A.S.Hall (1995) Maximum Power: The ideas and applications of H.T.Odum, Colorado University Press.
  • C.A.S.Hall (2004) 'The continuing importance of maximum power', Ecological Modelling, Volume 178, Issue 1–2, 15, Pages 107–113
  • H.W. Jackson (1959) Introduction to Electronic Circuits, Prentice–Hall.
  • S.E.Jorgensen, M.T.Brown, H.T.Odum (2004) 'Energy hierarchy and transformity in the universe', Ecological Modelling, 178, pp. 17–28
  • A.L.Lehninger (1973) Bioenergetics, W.A. Benjamin inc.
  • A.J.Lotka (1922a) 'Contribution to the energetics of evolution' [PDF]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 8: pp. 147–51.
  • A.J.Lotka (1922b) 'Natural selection as a physical principle' [PDF]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 8, pp 151–4.
  • H.T.Odum (1963) 'Limits of remote ecosystems containing man', The American Biology Teacher, Volume 25, No. 6, pp. 429–443.
  • H.T.Odum (1970) Energy Values of Water Sources. in 19th Southern Water Resources and Pollution Control Conference.
  • H.T.Odum (1978) 'Energy Quality and the Environment', in M.W.Gilliland ed. (1978) Energy Analysis: A New Public Policy Tool, AAA Selected Symposia Series, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
  • H.T.Odum (1994) Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology, Colorado University Press.
  • H.T.Odum (1995) 'Self-Organization and Maximum Empower', in C.A.S.Hall (ed.) Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H.T.Odum, Colorado University Press, Colorado.
  • H.T.Odum and R.C.Pinkerton (1955) 'Time's speed regulator: The optimum efficiency for maximum output in physical and biological systems ', Am. Sci., 43 pp. 331–343.
  • H.T.Odum and M.T.Brown (2007) Environment, Power and Society for the Twenty-First Century: The Hierarchy of Energy, Columbia University Press.
  • M.Tribus (1961) § 16.11 'Generalized Treatment of Linear Systems Used for Power Production', Thermostatics and Thermodynamics, Van Nostrand, University Series in Basic Engineering, p. 619.
  • Novikov I. I., (1958). The efficiency of atomic power stations. J. Nuclear Energy II, Vol. 7, pp. 125–128; translated from Atomnaya Energia, Vol. 3, (1957), No. 11, p. 409
  • El-Wakil, M. M. (1962) Nuclear Power Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 162–165.
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