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涌现 - 版本历史
2024-03-28T13:46:39Z
本wiki的该页面的版本历史
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思无涯咿呀咿呀:/* 概述 */
2022-06-17T08:05:42Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">概述</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2022年6月17日 (五) 08:05的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l6" >第6行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第6行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 概述 ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 概述 ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">涌现(或称突现、演生、层展)是当许多小的个体相互作用后产生了大的整体,而这个整体展现了构成它的个体所不具备的新特性的现象。涌现是复杂系统的核心特征。发现复杂系统的涌现规律是复杂性科学的重要目标。</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">涌现(或称突现、演生、层展)是当许多小的个体相互作用后产生了大的整体,而这个整体展现了构成它的个体所不具备的新特性的现象。'''涌现是复杂系统的核心特征。发现复杂系统的涌现规律是复杂性科学的重要目标。'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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思无涯咿呀咿呀
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2022年6月17日 (五) 08:05 思无涯咿呀咿呀
2022-06-17T08:05:13Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2022年6月17日 (五) 08:05的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l4" >第4行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第4行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{See also|自发秩序|自组织}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{See also|自发秩序|自组织}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== 概述 ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">涌现(或称突现、演生、层展)是当许多小的个体相互作用后产生了大的整体,而这个整体展现了构成它的个体所不具备的新特性的现象。涌现是复杂系统的核心特征。发现复杂系统的涌现规律是复杂性科学的重要目标。</ins></div></td></tr>
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思无涯咿呀咿呀
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2022年5月18日 (三) 18:04 栗子CUGB
2022-05-18T18:04:40Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2022年5月18日 (三) 18:04的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l69" >第69行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第69行:</td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></blockquote></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1999年,经济学家杰弗里•戈尔茨坦 Jeffrey Goldstein在《涌现 Emergence》杂志上提出了现有的对“涌现”的定义<ref name="Goldstein1999">{{cite journal |last1= Goldstein |first1= Jeffrey |title= Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues |journal= Emergence |date= March 1999 |volume= 1 |issue= 1 |pages= 49–72 |doi= 10.1207/s15327000em0101_4}}</ref>。戈尔茨坦最初将涌现定义为:“在复杂系统自组织过程中产生的新颖而连贯的结构、模式和性质”。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1999年,经济学家杰弗里•戈尔茨坦 Jeffrey Goldstein在《涌现 Emergence》杂志上提出了现有的对“涌现”的定义<ref name="Goldstein1999">{{cite journal |last1= Goldstein |first1= Jeffrey |title= Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues |journal= Emergence |date= March 1999 |volume= 1 |issue= 1 |pages= 49–72 |doi= 10.1207/s15327000em0101_4}}</ref>。戈尔茨坦最初将涌现定义为:“在复杂系统自组织过程中产生的新颖而连贯的结构、模式和性质”。</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的,大部分的基础物理学致力于寻找一个“万物理论”,一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。有观点认为,这就是科学的目标,因为“万物理论”可以让我们推导出所有宏观事物的行为,至少在原则上是这样的。但我们的证据表明,这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一,但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理出发推导宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑,而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 <ref name="morereally" /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的,大部分的基础物理学致力于寻找一个“万物理论”,一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。有观点认为,这就是科学的目标,因为“万物理论”可以让我们推导出所有宏观事物的行为,至少在原则上是这样的。但我们的证据表明,这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一,但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理出发推导宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑,而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 <ref name="morereally" /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></blockquote></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===涌现和相互作用===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===涌现和相互作用===</div></td></tr>
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栗子CUGB
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唐糖糖:/* 无标度网络模型开山之作:随机网络中标度的涌现 */
2021-08-04T15:12:15Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">无标度网络模型开山之作:随机网络中标度的涌现</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年8月4日 (三) 15:12的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l425" >第425行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第425行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>本中文词条由趣木木、厚朴、嘉树、思无涯咿呀咿呀参与编译,[[用户:Qige96 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Qige96</del>]]审校,[[用户:唐糖糖|糖糖]]编辑,如有问题,欢迎在讨论页面留言。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>本中文词条由趣木木、厚朴、嘉树、思无涯咿呀咿呀参与编译,[[用户:Qige96 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ricky</ins>]]审校,[[用户:唐糖糖|糖糖]]编辑,如有问题,欢迎在讨论页面留言。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。'''</div></td></tr>
</table>
唐糖糖
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0&diff=24973&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 编者推荐 */
2021-07-31T04:37:07Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">编者推荐</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hans-CN">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年7月31日 (六) 04:37的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l425" >第425行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第425行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>本中文词条由趣木木、厚朴、嘉树、思无涯咿呀咿呀参与编译,[[用户:Qige96 |Qige96]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">审校,糖糖编辑,如有问题,欢迎在讨论页面留言。</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>本中文词条由趣木木、厚朴、嘉树、思无涯咿呀咿呀参与编译,[[用户:Qige96 |Qige96]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">审校,[[用户:唐糖糖|糖糖]]编辑,如有问题,欢迎在讨论页面留言。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。'''</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0&diff=24972&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 编者推荐 */
2021-07-31T04:36:18Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">编者推荐</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hans-CN">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年7月31日 (六) 04:36的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l394" >第394行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第394行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 编者推荐==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 编者推荐==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:从聚集到涌现.png|400px|thumb|[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1115 从聚集到涌现]]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===集智视频===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===集智视频===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1115 从聚集到涌现]====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1115 从聚集到涌现]====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">本课程中,将介绍秩序不仅来源于聚集,更在于这些大量个体相互作用之后产生的涌现。</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">该课程中,将介绍秩序不仅来源于聚集,更在于这些大量个体相互作用之后产生的涌现。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1116 从涌现到斑图]====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1116 从涌现到斑图]====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">本课程中,将带领大家认识涌现的本质。</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">该课程中,将带领大家认识涌现的本质。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/284 蜂群思维与涌现]====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/284 蜂群思维与涌现]====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">本课程主要介绍了群体系统。内容包括生物群体系统的特征,群体高级智慧行为的涌现,以及某些智慧特征的应用方法。</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">该课程主要介绍了群体系统。内容包括生物群体系统的特征,群体高级智慧行为的涌现,以及某些智慧特征的应用方法。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/285 “涌现”与关于《马姨》的大讨论]====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/285 “涌现”与关于《马姨》的大讨论]====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">在本节课中除了介绍群体系统、涌现、斑图(Pattern)外,还将进行一场关于《马姨》的大讨论。在课程中不仅能够看到学生们对《马姨》的简介,还能见识到在班级这个群体中思维与智慧的涌现。</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">在该节课中除了介绍群体系统、涌现、斑图(Pattern)外,还将进行一场关于《马姨》的大讨论。在课程中不仅能够看到学生们对《马姨》的简介,还能见识到在班级这个群体中思维与智慧的涌现。</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1963 论文解读:随机网络中标度的涌现]====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====[https://campus.swarma.org/course/1963 论文解读:随机网络中标度的涌现]====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>本课程中,将讲解经典论文随机网络中标度的涌现。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>本课程中,将讲解经典论文随机网络中标度的涌现。</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0&diff=24962&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 心灵的涌现 */
2021-07-31T04:25:17Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">心灵的涌现</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="zh-Hans-CN">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年7月31日 (六) 04:25的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l236" >第236行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第236行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====心灵的涌现====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====心灵的涌现====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>生命的进化描述是一段连续的历史,以出现根本性新形式的阶段为标志——人类智力的是其中的一个标志<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref>。心智的涌现及其演化被认为是特殊系统知识中的一个独立的现象,被称为''心智演化 Noogenesis''。<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.]</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>生命的进化描述是一段连续的历史,以出现根本性新形式的阶段为标志——人类智力的是其中的一个标志<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref>。心智的涌现及其演化被认为是特殊系统知识中的一个独立的现象,被称为<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>''心智演化 Noogenesis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>''。<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==在人类学中==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==在人类学中==</div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0&diff=24959&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 强涌现的可能性 */
2021-07-31T04:23:19Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">强涌现的可能性</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年7月31日 (六) 04:23的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l101" >第101行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第101行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>尽管强涌现在逻辑上是可能的,但它就像魔术一样令人难以信服。既然从定义上看,它不可能是由于微观层面可能性的聚集而成,那么一种不可还原却又伴随着向下的因果律是如何产生的呢?这种因果与我们科学知识范围内的任何事物都完全不同。这不仅将使得唯物主义者感到不适,它们的神秘特性也会加剧一种传统的担忧,即涌现会引发无中生有的想法。<ref name = Bedau>(Bedau 1997)</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>尽管强涌现在逻辑上是可能的,但它就像魔术一样令人难以信服。既然从定义上看,它不可能是由于微观层面可能性的聚集而成,那么一种不可还原却又伴随着向下的因果律是如何产生的呢?这种因果与我们科学知识范围内的任何事物都完全不同。这不仅将使得唯物主义者感到不适,它们的神秘特性也会加剧一种传统的担忧,即涌现会引发无中生有的想法。<ref name = Bedau>(Bedau 1997)</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">强涌现因为'''过度决定 overdetermined'''而被批评(过度决定就是一个事物背后有多个相互矛盾的决定因素的情况。拿</del>''超定方程组''举例:一个方程组只有一个未知量,却有两个方程,每个方程都能单独解出这个未知量,但两个方程的解却不一样,导致这个方程组无解。)。有一个典型的例子:现有涌现出来的两个心理状态(M 和 M) ,它们分别在物理状态(P和 P*)上涌现出来的。则当 M 导致 M* 时会发生什么?Jaegwon Kim 表示:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">强涌现因为过度决定而被批评(过度决定就是一个事物背后有多个相互矛盾的决定因素的情况。拿</ins>''超定方程组''举例:一个方程组只有一个未知量,却有两个方程,每个方程都能单独解出这个未知量,但两个方程的解却不一样,导致这个方程组无解。)。有一个典型的例子:现有涌现出来的两个心理状态(M 和 M) ,它们分别在物理状态(P和 P*)上涌现出来的。则当 M 导致 M* 时会发生什么?Jaegwon Kim 表示:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在我们上面的例子中,我们得出结论,心理状态 M 引起的另一个心理状态 M * 对应着微观的物理状态 P* ,所以我们可以说 M 引起 P∗。现在,M 作为一个涌现现象,本身必须有一个底层的基本性质,比如 P。 现在我们面临一个关键的问题: 如果一个涌现现象M出现在基础条件 P下,为什么P不能作为M的任何假定影响的原因?为什么 P 不能充分解释 M 引发的其他效应呢?如果因果关系被理解为法理上(基于规则)的充分性,那么 P,作为 M 的涌现基础,同样是法理充分的。而M作为 P* 的原因,对于P*也是法理上充分的。于是出现了P对于P*也是法理有效的,并因此能成为 P* 的理由。如果 M 以某种方式作为原因被保留下来,我们就会面临一个非常难以置信的结果,那就是每一个向下的因果关系都牵涉到过度决定(因为 P 也是 P * 的原因)。此外,这在任何情况下都与涌现主义的精神背道而驰: 涌现主义者应该做出独特而新颖的因果贡献。.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = Jaegwon | year = 2016 | title = Emergence: Core ideas and issues | url = | journal = Synthese | volume = 151 | issue = 3| pages = 547–59 | doi = 10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0 }}</ref> </blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>在我们上面的例子中,我们得出结论,心理状态 M 引起的另一个心理状态 M * 对应着微观的物理状态 P* ,所以我们可以说 M 引起 P∗。现在,M 作为一个涌现现象,本身必须有一个底层的基本性质,比如 P。 现在我们面临一个关键的问题: 如果一个涌现现象M出现在基础条件 P下,为什么P不能作为M的任何假定影响的原因?为什么 P 不能充分解释 M 引发的其他效应呢?如果因果关系被理解为法理上(基于规则)的充分性,那么 P,作为 M 的涌现基础,同样是法理充分的。而M作为 P* 的原因,对于P*也是法理上充分的。于是出现了P对于P*也是法理有效的,并因此能成为 P* 的理由。如果 M 以某种方式作为原因被保留下来,我们就会面临一个非常难以置信的结果,那就是每一个向下的因果关系都牵涉到过度决定(因为 P 也是 P * 的原因)。此外,这在任何情况下都与涌现主义的精神背道而驰: 涌现主义者应该做出独特而新颖的因果贡献。.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = Jaegwon | year = 2016 | title = Emergence: Core ideas and issues | url = | journal = Synthese | volume = 151 | issue = 3| pages = 547–59 | doi = 10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0 }}</ref> </blockquote></div></td></tr>
</table>
薄荷
https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0&diff=24958&oldid=prev
薄荷:/* 在哲学上 */
2021-07-31T04:22:45Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">在哲学上</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2021年7月31日 (六) 04:22的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l19" >第19行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第19行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 在哲学上 ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 在哲学上 ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学主张。在这个语境里,系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性,但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼 Nicolai Hartmann(1882-1950),首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一,把这种现象称为''新的范畴 categorial novum''。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学主张。在这个语境里,系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性,但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼 Nicolai Hartmann(1882-1950),首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一,把这种现象称为<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>''新的范畴 categorial novum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>''。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 定义 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 定义 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l51" >第51行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第51行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>写过关于这个概念的文章,其中包括约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 John Stuart Mill <ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref>和朱利安 · 赫胥黎 Julian Huxley <ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" </ref> 。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>写过关于这个概念的文章,其中包括约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 John Stuart Mill <ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref>和朱利安 · 赫胥黎 Julian Huxley <ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" </ref> 。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">哲学家 g· h·刘易斯 g</del>.h.Lewes在1875年创造了“涌现 emergent”一词:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">哲学家g</ins>.h.Lewes在1875年创造了“涌现 emergent”一词:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>每个合力要么是共同作用力的和,要么是共同作用力的差; 当它们的方向相同时,是它们的和——当它们的方向相反时,则是它们的差。 此外,每个成果在其组成部分中都可以清楚地朔源,因为这些组成部分是同质的和可公度的。涌现的情况与此不同,它们既不是在动量中再增加动量,也不是在同类个体中增加一种个体,而是在不同种类的事物之间进行合作。涌现不同于其组成部分,因为这些部分是不可通约的,不能被还原为它们的总和或差。 <ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>每个合力要么是共同作用力的和,要么是共同作用力的差; 当它们的方向相同时,是它们的和——当它们的方向相反时,则是它们的差。 此外,每个成果在其组成部分中都可以清楚地朔源,因为这些组成部分是同质的和可公度的。涌现的情况与此不同,它们既不是在动量中再增加动量,也不是在同类个体中增加一种个体,而是在不同种类的事物之间进行合作。涌现不同于其组成部分,因为这些部分是不可通约的,不能被还原为它们的总和或差。 <ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l74" >第74行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第74行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2002年,系统科学家彼得·康宁 Peter Corning更详细地描述了戈尔茨坦的定义:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2002年,系统科学家彼得·康宁 Peter Corning更详细地描述了戈尔茨坦的定义:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>共同的特征有: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征); (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的完整) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即:它是一个整体的特性);(4)它是动力学过程的产物(它可以演进); (5)它是一个明显的(可以被感知)。<ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A.| title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>共同的特征有: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征); (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的完整) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即:它是一个整体的特性);(4)它是动力学过程的产物(它可以演进); (5)它是一个明显的(可以被感知)。<ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A.| title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l94" >第94行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第95行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====拒绝区分====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====拒绝区分====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">然而,生物学家彼得·康宁断言,“关于是否可以从组成部分的特性来预测整体特性的争论并没有抓住要点。整体可以产生独特的组合效应,但其中许多效应可能由整体及其环境之间的相互作用共同决定”。根据他的协同论假说,康宁还指出</del>: “正是整体产生的协同效应才是自然界复杂性进化的根本原因。小说家亚瑟·凯斯特勒用“两面神 Janus”隐喻(两面神是开/关、和平/战争等潜在互补统一的象征)来说明两种观点(强涌现与弱涌现、整体论与还原论)应该如何被视不独立存在的,并且应该一起解决涌现的问题。理论物理学家P.W.安德森是这样说的:<blockquote>把一切都简化为简单的基本定律的能力并不意味着从这些定律出发并重建宇宙的能力。当面对规模和复杂性的双重困难时,建构主义的假设就失败了。在复杂性的每个层级上,都会出现全新的属性。心理学不是应用生物学,生物学也不是应用化学。我们现在可以看到,整体不仅变得更多,而且与各部分的总和大不相同。</blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">然而,生物学家Peter Corning断言,“关于是否可以从组成部分的特性来预测整体特性的争论并没有抓住要点。整体可以产生独特的组合效应,但其中许多效应可能由整体及其环境之间的相互作用共同决定”。根据他的协同论假说,康宁还指出</ins>: “正是整体产生的协同效应才是自然界复杂性进化的根本原因。小说家亚瑟·凯斯特勒用“两面神 Janus”隐喻(两面神是开/关、和平/战争等潜在互补统一的象征)来说明两种观点(强涌现与弱涌现、整体论与还原论)应该如何被视不独立存在的,并且应该一起解决涌现的问题。理论物理学家P.W.安德森是这样说的:<blockquote>把一切都简化为简单的基本定律的能力并不意味着从这些定律出发并重建宇宙的能力。当面对规模和复杂性的双重困难时,建构主义的假设就失败了。在复杂性的每个层级上,都会出现全新的属性。心理学不是应用生物学,生物学也不是应用化学。我们现在可以看到,整体不仅变得更多,而且与各部分的总和大不相同。</blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====强涌现的可能性====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====强涌现的可能性====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l138" >第138行:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第139行:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">另一方面,彼得·康宁认为</del>: “难道协同作用必须被感知/观察,才能像某些理论家所说的那样,被称为涌现效应吗?很明显不是。与涌现相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的,即使没有人在那里观察它们。”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">另一方面,Peter Corning认为</ins>: “难道协同作用必须被感知/观察,才能像某些理论家所说的那样,被称为涌现效应吗?很明显不是。与涌现相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的,即使没有人在那里观察它们。”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>有序系统的低熵值可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如分子或基本粒子的运动),并得出结论,该系统有低的熵值<ref>See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>有序系统的低熵值可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如分子或基本粒子的运动),并得出结论,该系统有低的熵值<ref>See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110</ref></div></td></tr>
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