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添加3,074字节 、 2020年11月27日 (五) 21:11
无编辑摘要
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=== Detention ===
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=== Detention软禁 ===
    
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended.<ref>Chang (1995), p.&nbsp;158.</ref> However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="caltech1" /><ref>Chang (1995), pp.&nbsp;149–150.</ref>
 
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended.<ref>Chang (1995), p.&nbsp;158.</ref> However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="caltech1" /><ref>Chang (1995), pp.&nbsp;149–150.</ref>
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By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.
 
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.
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到20世纪40年代早期,美国陆军情报局已经知道钱存训是共产主义者的指控,但是他的安全许可并没有被停职。然而,1950年6月6日,他的安全许可被撤销,钱存训受到联邦调查局的审问。两周后,钱存训宣布他将辞去加州理工学院的工作,回到中国,那时中国实际上是由毛泽东领导的中国共产党统治的。
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到20世纪40年代早期,美国陆军情报局已经知道钱学森是共产主义者,但是他的安全级别并没有被吊销。然而,1950年6月6日,他的安全级别被吊销,钱学森受到联邦调查局的审问。两周后,钱学森宣布他将辞去加州理工学院的工作,回到中国,那时的中国实际上是由毛泽东领导的中国共产党统治的。
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In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."
 
In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."
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8月,钱存训与当时的海军副部长丹 · a · 金博尔(Dan a. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈,钱存训私下认识金博尔。钱存训告诉他这些指控后,金博尔回应说,“见鬼,我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱存训暗示,他仍然打算离开中国,并说“我是中国人。”。我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器。就是这么简单。”金博尔接着说,“我不会让你出国的。”
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8月,钱学森与当时的海军副部长丹·A·金博尔(Dan A. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈,钱学森私下认识金博尔。钱学森告诉他这些指控后,金博尔回应说,“见鬼,我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱学森暗示,他仍然打算离开中国,并说“我是中国人。”,我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器,就这么简单。”金博尔接着说,“我不会让你回中国的。”
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After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.  Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning
 
After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.  Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning
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在负责安排钱存训返回中国的公司向美国海关透露,钱存训的一些文件被标记为“秘密”或“机密”之后,美国官员从帕萨迪纳市的一个仓库中没收了这些文件。8月25日,美国美国移民及归化局发出了对钱存训的逮捕令。钱存训声称,这些加了安全标签的文件大部分是他自己写的,分类已经过时,并补充说,“里面有一些绘图和对数表等,有人可能把它们误认为代码。”这些材料包括一本剪贴簿,里面有关于那些被指控从事原子间谍活动的人受审的剪报,比如克劳斯 · 福克斯。随后对这些文件的检查表明,其中没有任何机密材料。对 Weinbaum 的审判于8月30日开始,Frank Oppenheimer 和 Parsons 都作了不利于他的证词。温鲍姆因伪证罪被判刑四年。钱存训于1950年9月6日被拘留审问
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在负责安排钱学森回中国的公司向美国海关透露,钱学森随身物品中有一些文件标有“机密”或“秘密”字样后,美国官员从帕萨迪纳的一个仓库里查获了这些文件。美国移民和归化局于8月25日发出逮捕令。钱学森称,这些加盖安全章的文件大多是自己写的,分类已经过时,并补充说,“有一些图纸和对数表等,可能被人误认为是代码。”材料中包括一本剪贴簿,上面有对那些被控从事原子间谍活动的人进行审判的新闻剪报,比如克劳斯·福克斯。随后对这些文件的检查表明,这些文件中没有任何机密材料。韦恩鲍姆的审判于8月30日开始,弗兰克·奥本海默和帕森斯都出庭作不利于他的证明。韦恩鲍姆被判犯有伪证罪,判处4年徒刑。钱学森于1950年9月6日被羁押问话
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On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.
 
On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.
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1951年4月26日,钱存训被宣布被驱逐出境,未经许可不得离开洛杉矶县,实际上将他软禁在家。
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1951年4月26日,钱学森被宣布驱逐出境,未经允许不得离开洛杉矶县,实际上将他软禁起来。
          
When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|pp=113, 115}}</ref>
 
When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|pp=113, 115}}</ref>
 
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1947年,钱学森带着他的新娘从中国回来时,他在一份移民调查问卷中回答“不”,该问卷询问他是否曾是一个鼓吹以武力推翻美国政府的组织的成员。这一点,加上1938年的一份美国[CPUSA |共产党]]文件上面写着钱学森的名字,被用来证明钱学森是一个国家安全威胁。检方还引述了一次盘问环节,钱学森说,“我对中国人民有效忠义务”,如果美国和共产主义中国发生冲突,他“肯定不会”让美国政府替他决定效忠谁。
 
During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
 
During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
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On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] without permission, effectively placing him under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=141}}</ref>
 
On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] without permission, effectively placing him under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=141}}</ref>
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1951年4月26日,钱学森被宣布被驱逐出境,并禁止未经许可离开[加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市]],实际上对他实行了[[软禁]]。
    
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.
 
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.
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During this time, Tsien wrote ''Engineering Cybernetics'', which was published by [[McGraw Hill]] in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing [[servomechanism]]s. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by [[perturbation theory]], and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s theory of [[error control]] (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed<ref>Ezra Krendel (1955) "Review of Engineering Cybernetics", [[Journal of the Franklin Institute]] 259(4): 367</ref> the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex [[control system]]s." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
 
During this time, Tsien wrote ''Engineering Cybernetics'', which was published by [[McGraw Hill]] in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing [[servomechanism]]s. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by [[perturbation theory]], and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s theory of [[error control]] (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed<ref>Ezra Krendel (1955) "Review of Engineering Cybernetics", [[Journal of the Franklin Institute]] 259(4): 367</ref> the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex [[control system]]s." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
 
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在这期间,钱学森写了《工程控制论》,1954年由[[McGraw-Hill]]出版。这本书论述了稳定[[伺服机构]]的实践。在其18章中,它考虑了许多变量系统的非交互控制,[[微扰理论]]的控制设计,以及[[约翰.冯.诺依曼]]的[[误差控制]理论(第18章)。埃兹拉·克伦德尔回顾了《富兰克林学院学报》这本书,指出“对于那些对复杂[[控制系统]]整体理论感兴趣的人来说,很难夸大钱学森的书的价值。”显然,钱学森的方法主要是实用的,正如克伦德尔指出的,对于伺服机构,“通常的线性稳定性设计准则是不充分的,必须使用由问题的物理性质产生的其他准则。”
       
Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."
 
Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."
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几年来一直试图让钱留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的待遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者,我们强迫他离开。”
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几年来一直试图让钱学森留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的遭遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者,我们强迫他离开。”
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== Return to China ==
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== Return to China回到祖国 ==
    
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties.<ref name="caltech1" /> Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president [[Lee DuBridge]], who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney [[Grant Cooper (attorney)|Grant Cooper]] to defend Qian.
 
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties.<ref name="caltech1" /> Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president [[Lee DuBridge]], who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney [[Grant Cooper (attorney)|Grant Cooper]] to defend Qian.
 
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钱学森成为美中两国长达五年秘密外交和谈判的对象。在此期间,钱学森一直生活在监视之下,有权任教,没有任何机密的研究任务。钱学森在被监禁期间得到加州理工学院同事的支持,包括总统[[李·杜布里奇]],后者飞往华盛顿为钱的案件辩护。加州理工学院指定律师格兰特·库伯 为钱辩护。
 
He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
 
He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
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他于一九五八年参与中国科技大学的成立,并担任大学现代力学系系主任多年。
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他于一九五八年参与中国科学技术大学的建立,并担任大学现代力学系系主任多年。
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Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.
 
Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.
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除了火箭技术,钱在许多领域的研究存在。他是系统科学的创始人之一,在科学技术体系、躯体科学、工程科学、军事科学、社会科学、自然科学、地理学、哲学、文学艺术和教育等方面做出了贡献。他在系统科学领域的概念、理论和方法方面的进展包括研究开放的复杂巨系统。此外,他还帮助建立了中国复杂性科学学派。
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除了火箭之外,钱学森在许多领域都有研究。他是系统学的创造者之一,在科技系统、体科学、工程科学、军事科学、社会科学、自然科学、地理、哲学、文学艺术、教育等领域做出了贡献。他在系统科学领域的概念、理论和方法上的进步包括对开放的复杂巨系统的研究。此外,他还帮助建立了中国复杂性科学学院。
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From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.
 
From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.
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自20世纪80年代以来,钱一直倡导对中医气功的科学研究,倡导“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家们积累气功的观测数据,以便建立未来的科学理论。
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从20世纪80年代起,钱学森倡导对中医学、气功进行科学研究,提出“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家积累气功的观测数据,以便将来建立科学理论。
          
Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missiles]] and the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March space rockets]].
 
Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missiles]] and the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March space rockets]].
 
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回国后,钱学森在火箭科学领域开始了一段非常成功的职业生涯,这得益于他过去的成就以及中国政府对其核研究的支持而获得的声誉。他领导并最终成为中国导弹项目之父,该项目建造了[[东风(导弹)|东风弹道导弹]]和[[长征(火箭家族)|长征太空火箭]]。
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西安交通大学钱学森图书馆
 
西安交通大学钱学森图书馆
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== Chinese nuclear program and other studies ==
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== Chinese nuclear program and other studies中国核计划及其他研究  ==
    
In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]].
 
In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]].
 
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1956年10月,任【【中华人民共和国国防部|国防部】】的【【中国航天科技集团公司|第五研究院】】所长,负责弹道导弹和核武器的研制。他是促成1964年10月16日“596”原子弹试验和1967年6月17日“6号试验”氢弹试验成功的总体努力的一部分。这是历史上最快的一次[核裂变|裂变]]到[[核聚变|聚变]]的发展,为32个月,相比之下,美国为86个月,苏联为75个月,使中国领先于[[法国]等西方大国获得了[[热核装置]]。
 
Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.
 
Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.
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钱于1991年退休,平静地生活在北京,拒绝与西方人交谈。
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钱学森于1991年退休,平静地生活在北京,拒绝与西方人交谈。
          
Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative.
 
Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative.
 
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钱学森是一位在美国陷入红色恐慌的著名科学家,这使他在[[毛泽东]时代及其后的时代有着相当大的影响力。钱学森最终升入党内,成为[中共中央委员会]委员。他加入了“中国航天计划——从构想到载人航天”计划。
 
In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
 
In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
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1979年,钱获得加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项,在朋友弗兰克 · 马布尔的帮助下,钱在一个被广泛报道的仪式上把它带回了家。此外,在20世纪90年代早期,加州理工学院向他提供了装有钱研究成果的文件柜。
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1979年,钱学森被授予加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱学森最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项,并在他的朋友弗兰克·马博(Frank·Marble)的帮助下,在一个广为报道的仪式上把它带到了家中。此外,在20世纪90年代初,加州理工学院向他提供了钱学森的研究成果文件柜。
     
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