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第42行： − '''Qian Xuesen''', or '''Hsue-Shen Tsien''' ({{zh |s = 钱学森 }}; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese [[mathematician]], [[cyberneticist]], [[aerospace engineer]], and [[physicist]] who made significant contributions to the field of [[aerodynamics]] and established [[engineering cybernetics]]. Recruited from [[MIT]], he joined [[Theodore von Kármán]]'s group at [[Caltech]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://history.nasa.gov/biost-z.html |title = Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers |publisher = NASA |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> During [[WWII]], he was involved in the [[Manhattan Project]], which ultimately led to the successful development of the first [[atomic bomb]] in America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/01/qian-xuesen-obituary|title=Qian Xuesen obituary|last1=Brown|first1=Kerry|date=2009-11-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/the-two-lives-of-qian-xuesen|title=The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen|last1=Osnos|first1=Evan|journal=The New Yorker|date=2009-11-03|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to [[China]]'s [[missile]] and [[Chinese space program|space program]]. − Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese mathematician, cyberneticist, aerospace engineer, and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Kármán's group at Caltech. During WWII, he was involved in the Manhattan Project, which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America. Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to China's missile and space program. − + + − During the [[Second Red Scare]], in the 1950s, the [[US federal government]] accused him of [[communist]] sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance.<ref name="autogenerated57">{{cite journal |date = {{Date|2008-01-07|dmy}} |title = Person of the Year: Qian Xuesen |url = http://aviationweek.com/awin/qian-xuesen-laid-foundation-china-s-space-rise |journal = Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume = 168 |pages = 57–61 |last1 = Perrett |first1 = Bradley |last2 = Asker |first2 = James R. |number = 1 |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }} {{subreq}}</ref> He decided to return to China, but he was detained at [[Terminal Island]], near [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Tsien |website = Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131013215748/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |archive-date = 2013-10-13 }}</ref> − During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles. − 在20世纪50年代的第二次红色恐慌中，美国联邦政府指责他通共。1950年，美国军事部门罔顾他的同事们的一致抗议，吊销了钱学森参加机密研究的证书。当钱学森准备返回中国时，他被美国官员阻拦并拘留在洛杉矶附近的终端岛（特米那岛）。 + − After spending five years under [[house arrest]],<ref name="caltech1">{{cite web |url = http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |title = Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies |website = Caltech |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|2009-11-02|dmy}} |accessdate = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612190920/http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |archive-date = {{date|2010-06-12|dmy}} |url-status = dead }}</ref> he was released in 1955 in exchange for the [[repatriation]] of American pilots who had been captured during the [[Korean War]]. He left the United States in September 1955 on the [[American President Lines]] passenger liner [[SS President Cleveland (1947)|SS ''President Cleveland'']], arriving in China via [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="MJ550913">{{cite news |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LAkkAAAAIBAJ&pg=7147%2C5707600 |title = US Deporting Rocket Expert |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|1955-09-13|dmy}} |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> − After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong. − 1955年，在他被软禁了五年之后，中国以释放11名在朝鲜战争中俘获的美军飞行员作为交换，美国最终释放了钱学森。同年9月，他离开美国，乘坐美国总统邮轮克利夫兰号，经由香港抵达中国。 + − Upon his return, he helped lead the [[China and weapons of mass destruction|Chinese nuclear weapons program]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html |title = Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory|website = LA Times |date = {{Date|2016-09-16|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2019-11-26|dmy}} }}</ref> This effort ultimately led to China's first successful [[596 (nuclear test)|atomic bomb test]] and [[Test No. 6|hydrogen bomb test]], making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missile]] and the [[Chinese space program]]. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/10294899.html |title = 钱学森：历尽险阻报效祖国 火箭之王淡泊名誉 |trans-title = Qian Xuesen: King of Rocketry who experienced obstacles in serving the Motherland |website = 人民网 (People.com.cn) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.163.com/09/1031/17/5MVIKNT90001124J.html |title = 美国航空周刊2008年度人物:钱学森 |trans-title = US Aviation Week & Space Technology Person of the Year 2008: Qian Xuesen |website = 网易探索(广州) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-11-11|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref> He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of [[Two Bombs, One Satellite]].<ref>{{cite news |title = 23位两弹一星元勋已有17人离世 媒体解析其功绩 |url = http://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20160529/22762769.html |website = China.com |date = 30 May 2016 |language = zh-Hans-CN}}</ref> − − Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite. − − 一回国，他就领导了中国的核武器计划。这一计划最终促成了中国首次原子弹试验和氢弹试验的成功 ，并成为第五个核武器国家，同时实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱学森的工作还促进了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的卓越贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父”，外号号“火箭之王”，并且他也是公认的“两弹一星”奠基人之一。 − − − − In 1957, Qian was elected an [[academician]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. He served as a [[Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] from 1987 to 1998. − − In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998. − − − He was the cousin of [[mechanical engineer]] [[Hsue-Chu Tsien]], who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is [[Roger Y. Tsien]], the 2008 winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. − − He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 第90行：
第69行： − + − − Qian was born in [[Shanghai]], with ancestral roots in [[Hangzhou]]. He graduated from [[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]], with [[Lu Shijia]] as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]]) in 1934. There, he received a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at [[Nanchang Laoyingfang Airport|Nanchang Air Force Base]]. − − Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base. − − − In August 1935, Qian left China on a [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship]] to study mechanical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he earned a [[Master of Science]] degree after one year. − − In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year. − − − While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers. − − While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers. − − − [[Theodore von Kármán]], Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting: − − Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting: − − {{quote|One day in 1936 he came to me for advice on further graduate studies. This was our first meeting. I looked up to observe a slight short young man, with a serious look, who answered my questions with unusual precision. I was immediately impressed with the keenness and quickness of his mind, and I suggested that he enroll at Caltech for advanced study ... Tsien agreed. He worked with me on many mathematical problems. I found him to be quite imaginative, with a mathematical aptitude that he combined successfully with a great ability to visualize accurately the physical picture of natural phenomena. Even as a young student he helped clear up some of my own ideas on several difficult topics. These are gifts which I had not often encountered and Tsien and I became close colleagues.<ref name=TvK>Theodore von Kármán with Lee Edson (1967) ''The Wind and Beyond'', chapter 38: Dr. Tsien of Red China, pp. 308–15.</ref>{{rp|309}}}} − − --[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】此处缺无格式的翻译 − − 1936年的一天，他来找我咨询进一步的研究生学习。这是我们第一次见面。我抬起头来，注意到一个身材矮小、神情严肃的年轻人，他回答我的问题异常准确。他坚定的语气和敏捷的思维给我留下了深刻的印象，我建议他去加州理工学院深造。钱学森同意了。他和我一起研究了许多数学题。我发现他很有想象力，同时也具有能成功把自然现象的物理图像形象化的数学才能。虽然他还只是是一个年轻的学生，但是他帮助我理清了一些关于几个难题的想法。这样的天赋是我不常遇到的，钱和我成了亲密的同事。 − + + − Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner." − + − − [[File:Left-right Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore Von Karman, Tsien Hsue-sen.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl]] (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, [[Theodore von Kármán]]. Prandtl served Germany during [[World War II]]; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]] − − Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]] − − 从左至右: [路德维希 普朗特(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多•冯•卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为纳粹德国服务; 冯•卡门和钱学森为美国服务; 1956年后，钱学森为中国服务。钱学森保留的海外军帽展示了他当年的美国陆军上校军衔（暂）。普朗特是冯•卡门的博士生导师，而冯•卡门则是钱学森的博士生导师。 − − − − − − Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of [[Frank Malina]], other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including [[John Whiteside Parsons|Jack Parsons]]. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the [[Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory]] at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad."<ref name="caltech2" /><ref>{{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 |last1 = Chang |first1 = Iris |authorlink = Iris Chang |title = Thread of the Silkworm |year = 1995 |publisher = BasicBooks |pages = [https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 109–117] |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-465-08716-7 }}</ref> Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.<ref name="thesis-tsien-1939">{{cite thesis |url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646 |title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion |year = 1939 |institution = [[California Institute of Technology]] |degree = Ph.D. |last1 = Tsien |first1 = Hsue-shen }}</ref> − Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.+ − 1936年来到加州理工学院后不久，钱学森就对弗兰克•马利纳（Frank Malina）、冯•卡门的其他学生以及他们的同伴（包括杰克•帕森斯）的火箭想法着迷。他和他的同学们一起，在加州理工学院的古根海姆航空实验室参与了与火箭相关的实验。在大学里，他们工作自带的危险性和爆炸性为他们赢得了“自杀小组”的绰号。钱学森于1939年在加州理工学院获得博士学位。 + − During the [[Second World War]], Tsien worked in the [[Manhattan Project]], which led to America successfully developing the first [[atomic bomb]].<ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-06/us-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry|title=A US-trained scientist was deported, then became the 'father of Chinese rocketry'|website=Public Radio International|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiichina.com/its-not-rocket-science-except-when-it-is-the-strange-case-of-qian-xuesen/|title=It's Not Rocket Science, Except When it is: The Strange Case of Qian Xuesen|date=2018-08-15|website=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's [[V-2 rocket]]. This led to [[Private (missile)|Private A]], which flew in 1944, and later the [[MGM-5 Corporal|Corporal]], the [[WAC Corporal]], and other designs. − During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs. − 第二次世界大战期间，钱学森参与了曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。1943年，钱学森和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员第一次使用喷气推进实验室（JPL）这个名字起草了一份文件，这最初是向美国陆军提出的一项针对德国V-2火箭发展导弹的建议。这催生了1944年的私人飞机A，以及后来的下士，WAC下士和其他型号的设计。+ − In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including [[Wernher von Braun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html|title=Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98|last1=WINES|first1=MICHAEL|date=2009-11-04|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125721495250424443|title=Trained in the U.S., Scientist Became China's 'Rocket King'|date=2009-11-04|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref> − In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun. − +
无编辑摘要
钱学森，即Hsue-Shen Tsien(1911年12月11日至2009年10月31日) ，是中国数学家、控制论家、航空航天工程师和物理学家。他在空气动力学领域做出了重大贡献，同时也创立了工程控制论。在麻省理工学院获得硕士学位后，他又进入加州理工学院进修博士学位并加入了Theodore von Kármán西奥多·冯·卡门的团队。在第二次世界大战期间，他参与了曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。后来，他几经辗转终于得偿所愿回到祖国，为中国的导弹和太空计划做出了重要贡献。
钱学森，即Hsue-Shen Tsien(1911年12月11日至2009年10月31日) ，是中国数学家、控制论家、航空航天工程师和物理学家。他在空气动力学领域做出了重大贡献，同时也创立了工程控制论。在麻省理工学院获得硕士学位后，他又进入加州理工学院进修博士学位并加入了Theodore von Kármán西奥多·冯·卡门的团队<ref>{{cite web |url = https://history.nasa.gov/biost-z.html |title = Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers |publisher = NASA |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> 。在第二次世界大战期间，他参与了曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/01/qian-xuesen-obituary|title=Qian Xuesen obituary|last1=Brown|first1=Kerry|date=2009-11-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/the-two-lives-of-qian-xuesen|title=The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen|last1=Osnos|first1=Evan|journal=The New Yorker|date=2009-11-03|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> 。后来，他几经辗转终于得偿所愿回到祖国，为中国的导弹和太空计划做出了重要贡献。
在20世纪50年代的第二次红色恐慌中，美国联邦政府指责他"通共"。1950年，美国军事部门罔顾他的同事们的一致抗议，吊销了钱学森参加机密研究的证书<ref name="autogenerated57">{{cite journal |date = {{Date|2008-01-07|dmy}} |title = Person of the Year: Qian Xuesen |url = http://aviationweek.com/awin/qian-xuesen-laid-foundation-china-s-space-rise |journal = Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume = 168 |pages = 57–61 |last1 = Perrett |first1 = Bradley |last2 = Asker |first2 = James R. |number = 1 |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }} {{subreq}}</ref>。当钱学森准备返回中国时，他被美国官员阻拦并拘留在洛杉矶附近的终端岛（特米那岛）。<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Tsien |website = Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131013215748/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |archive-date = 2013-10-13 }}</ref>
1955年，在他被软禁了五年之后<ref name="caltech1">{{cite web |url = http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |title = Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies |website = Caltech |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|2009-11-02|dmy}} |accessdate = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612190920/http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |archive-date = {{date|2010-06-12|dmy}} |url-status = dead }}</ref>，中国以释放11名在朝鲜战争中俘获的美军飞行员作为交换，美国最终释放了钱学森。同年9月，他离开美国，乘坐美国总统邮轮克利夫兰号，经由香港抵达中国。 <ref name="MJ550913">{{cite news |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LAkkAAAAIBAJ&pg=7147%2C5707600 |title = US Deporting Rocket Expert |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|1955-09-13|dmy}} |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref>
一回国，他就领导了中国的核武器计划<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html |title = Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory|website = LA Times |date = {{Date|2016-09-16|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2019-11-26|dmy}} }}</ref> 。这一计划最终促成了中国首次原子弹试验和氢弹试验的成功 ，并成为第五个核武器国家，同时实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱学森的工作还促进了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的卓越贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父”，外号号“火箭之王”，<ref>{{cite web |url = http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/10294899.html |title = 钱学森：历尽险阻报效祖国 火箭之王淡泊名誉 |trans-title = Qian Xuesen: King of Rocketry who experienced obstacles in serving the Motherland |website = 人民网 (People.com.cn) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.163.com/09/1031/17/5MVIKNT90001124J.html |title = 美国航空周刊2008年度人物:钱学森 |trans-title = US Aviation Week & Space Technology Person of the Year 2008: Qian Xuesen |website = 网易探索(广州) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-11-11|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref> 并且他也是公认的“两弹一星”奠基人之一。<ref>{{cite news |title = 23位两弹一星元勋已有17人离世 媒体解析其功绩 |url = http://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20160529/22762769.html |website = China.com |date = 30 May 2016 |language = zh-Hans-CN}}</ref>
1957年，钱学森当选中国科学院院士。1987年至1998年，他还担任了中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席。
1957年，钱学森当选中国科学院院士。1987年至1998年，他还担任了中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席。
钱学森是曾参与中美航空航天事业的机械工程师钱学榘Hsue-Chu Tsien的表弟；他的侄子是2008年诺贝尔化学奖获得者钱永健Roger Y. Tsien。
钱学森是曾参与中美航空航天事业的机械工程师钱学榘Hsue-Chu Tsien的表弟；他的侄子是2008年诺贝尔化学奖获得者钱永健Roger Y. Tsien。
== Early life and education 早期生活和教育经历==
== 早期生活和教育经历==
钱学森出生于上海，祖籍杭州。他毕业于北京师范大学附属中学，和陆世佳是同学，并于1934年就读于国立交通大学（现为上海交通大学）。他主修铁路管理，获得了机械工程学位，他也曾在南昌空军基地实习。
钱学森出生于上海，祖籍杭州。他毕业于北京师范大学附属中学，和陆世佳是同学，并于1934年就读于国立交通大学（现为上海交通大学）。他主修铁路管理，获得了机械工程学位，他也曾在南昌空军基地实习。
1935年8月，钱获得庚款奖学金离开中国，前往麻省理工学院(MIT)学习机械工程，一年后获得理学硕士学位。
1935年8月，钱获得庚款奖学金离开中国，前往麻省理工学院(MIT)学习机械工程，一年后获得理学硕士学位。
就读于麻省理工学院时，他被称为Hsue-Shen Tsien。他受到了美国工程教育方法的影响，尤其重视实验。这与当时许多中国科学家所采用的研究方法截然不同，后者更强调理论元素，而不是“亲身实践”。钱学森的实验包括使用水银压力计绘制皮托管压力图等。
就读于麻省理工学院时，他被称为Hsue-Shen Tsien。他受到了美国工程教育方法的影响，尤其重视实验。这与当时许多中国科学家所采用的研究方法截然不同，后者更强调理论元素，而不是“亲身实践”。钱学森的实验包括使用水银压力计绘制皮托管压力图等。
西奥多·冯·卡门是钱学森的博士生导师，他在《The Wind and Beyond（风云际会）》的第38章《Dr. Tsien of Red China（红色中国的钱学森博士）》中描述了他们的第一次会面:
西奥多·冯·卡门是钱学森的博士生导师，他在《The Wind and Beyond（风云际会）》的第38章《Dr. Tsien of Red China（红色中国的钱学森博士）》中描述了他们的第一次会面:
Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and [[Josephine de Karman|my sister]] took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."
''1936年的一天，他来找我咨询进一步的研究生学习。这是我们第一次见面。我抬起头来，注意到一个身材矮小、神情严肃的年轻人，他回答我的问题异常准确。他坚定的语气和敏捷的思维给我留下了深刻的印象，我建议他去加州理工学院深造。钱学森同意了。他和我一起研究了许多数学题。我发现他很有想象力，同时也具有能成功把自然现象的物理图像形象化的数学才能。虽然他还只是是一个年轻的学生，但是他帮助我理清了一些关于几个难题的想法。这样的天赋是我不常遇到的，钱和我成了亲密的同事。<ref name=TvK>Theodore von Kármán with Lee Edson (1967) ''The Wind and Beyond'', chapter 38: Dr. Tsien of Red China, pp. 308–15.</ref>{{rp|309}}}}
''
对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家们来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱学森也被吸引了进来。（卡门说）: “钱学森喜欢来我家，我姐姐也很喜欢他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”
对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家们来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱学森也被吸引了进来。（卡门说）: “钱学森喜欢来我家，我姐姐也很喜欢他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”
== Career in the United States 留美生涯==
== 留美生涯==
[[File:Left-right Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore Von Karman, Tsien Hsue-sen.jpg|thumb|250px|从左至右: 路德维希 普朗特(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多•冯•卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为纳粹德国服务; 冯•卡门和钱学森为美国服务; 1956年后，钱学森为中国服务。钱学森保留的海外军帽展示了他当年的美国陆军上校军衔（暂）。普朗特是冯•卡门的博士生导师，而冯•卡门则是钱学森的博士生导师。]]
1936年来到加州理工学院后不久，钱学森就对弗兰克•马利纳（Frank Malina）、冯•卡门的其他学生以及他们的同伴（包括杰克•帕森斯）的火箭想法着迷。他和他的同学们一起，在加州理工学院的古根海姆航空实验室参与了与火箭相关的实验。在大学里，他们工作自带的危险性和爆炸性为他们赢得了“自杀小组”的绰号<ref name="caltech2" /><ref>{{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 |last1 = Chang |first1 = Iris |authorlink = Iris Chang |title = Thread of the Silkworm |year = 1995 |publisher = BasicBooks |pages = [https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 109–117] |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-465-08716-7 }}</ref> 。钱学森于1939年在加州理工学院获得博士学位。<ref name="thesis-tsien-1939">{{cite thesis |url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646 |title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion |year = 1939 |institution = [[California Institute of Technology]] |degree = Ph.D. |last1 = Tsien |first1 = Hsue-shen }}</ref>
第二次世界大战期间，钱学森参与了曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹<ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-06/us-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry|title=A US-trained scientist was deported, then became the 'father of Chinese rocketry'|website=Public Radio International|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiichina.com/its-not-rocket-science-except-when-it-is-the-strange-case-of-qian-xuesen/|title=It's Not Rocket Science, Except When it is: The Strange Case of Qian Xuesen|date=2018-08-15|website=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> 。1943年，钱学森和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员第一次使用喷气推进实验室（JPL）这个名字起草了一份文件，这最初是向美国陆军提出的一项针对德国V-2火箭发展导弹的建议。这催生了1944年的私人飞机A，以及后来的下士，WAC下士和其他型号的设计。
1945年，钱学森作为一名拥有安全级别的陆军上校，被派往德国调查其实验室，并质询包括沃纳•冯•布劳恩在内的德国科学家。
1945年，钱学森作为一名拥有安全级别的陆军上校，被派往德国调查其实验室，并质询包括沃纳•冯•布劳恩在内的德国科学家。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html|title=Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98|last1=WINES|first1=MICHAEL|date=2009-11-04|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125721495250424443|title=Trained in the U.S., Scientist Became China's 'Rocket King'|date=2009-11-04|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref>