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第190行： − + − In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]]. − 1956年10月，钱学森担任中华人民共和国国防部下属中国航天科技集团公司第五研究院院长，负责弹道导弹和核武器的研制。他是促成1964年10月16日“596”原子弹试验和1967年6月17日“6号试验”氢弹试验成功的主要力量。这是历史上最快的一次从[核裂变|裂变]]到[[核聚变|聚变]]的发展，用时仅为32个月。相比之下，美国用时86个月，苏联用时75个月。这使中国先于法国等西方大国获得了热核装置。+ − Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners. − − Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative. − In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech. − + − Qian was elected as an [[academician]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1957, a lifelong honor granted to Chinese scientists who have made significant advancements in their field. He organized scientific seminars and dedicated some of his time to training successors for his positions.<ref>[http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm 科技网 -《科技日报》- 钱学森的系统科学成就和贡献] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514150132/http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm |date = 2012-05-14 }}</ref> − − Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people." − − 在中美关系正常化之后，美国航天航空学会邀请钱学森访问美国，但他拒绝了邀请，并要求对拘留他一事进行正式道歉。在2002年发表的一份回忆录中，马柏表示，他认为钱学森“对美国政府失去了信任” ，但他“一直对美国人民怀有非常温暖的感情” − − He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years. − The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed. + − Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of [[systematics]], and made contributions to science and technology systems, [[somatic science]], [[engineering science]], [[military science]], [[social science]], the [[natural sciences]], geography, [[philosophy]], literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the [[system science]] field include studying the [[open complex giant system]].<ref>钱学森：《创建系统学（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref><ref>钱学森：《论系统工程（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref> Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of [[complexity science]]. − − In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China. − − 2008年，他被评为航空周和年度空间技术人物。这项认可不仅仅是一种荣誉，更是授予过去一年里对航空业影响最大的人。此外，那一年，中国中央电视台将钱学森评为中国最鼓舞人心的11位人物之一。 − − − − From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[Qigong]], and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.<ref>{{cite book |author = Qian Xuesen |title = 《创建人体科学》 |location = Chengdu |publisher = Sichuan Education Publishing House |date = May 1989 |edition = 1st |display-authors = etal }}</ref> − + − In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members. − 2009年7月，欧米茄阿尔法协会（一个国际系统工程荣誉学会），将钱学森位列四名荣誉会员之一。+
→Chinese nuclear program and other studies中国核计划及其他研究
西安交通大学钱学森图书馆
西安交通大学钱学森图书馆
== Chinese nuclear program and other studies中国核计划及其他研究 ==
== 中国核计划及其他研究 ==
1956年10月，钱学森担任中华人民共和国国防部下属中国航天科技集团公司第五研究院院长，负责弹道导弹和核武器的研制。他是促成1964年10月16日“596”原子弹试验和1967年6月17日“6号试验”氢弹试验成功的主要力量。这是历史上最快的一次从核裂变到核聚变的发展，用时仅为32个月。相比之下，美国用时86个月，苏联用时75个月。这使中国先于法国等西方大国获得了热核装置。
钱学森于1991年退休，平静地生活在北京，拒绝与西方人交谈。
钱学森于1991年退休，平静地生活在北京，拒绝与西方人交谈。
钱学森是一位在美国陷入红色恐慌的著名科学家，这使他在毛泽东时代及其后的时代有着相当大的影响力。钱学森最终选择入党，并成为中共中央委员会委员。同时，他也加入了“中国航天计划——从构想到载人航天”计划。
钱学森是一位在美国陷入红色恐慌的著名科学家，这使他在毛泽东时代及其后的时代有着相当大的影响力。钱学森最终选择入党，并成为中共中央委员会委员。同时，他也加入了“中国航天计划——从构想到载人航天”计划。
1979年，钱学森被授予加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱学森最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项，并在他的朋友弗兰克·马博（Frank·Marble）的帮助下，从一个举世瞩目的颁奖仪式上把它带到了家中。此外，在20世纪90年代初，加州理工学院向他赠送了钱学森的研究成果文件柜。
1979年，钱学森被授予加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱学森最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项，并在他的朋友弗兰克·马博（Frank·Marble）的帮助下，从一个举世瞩目的颁奖仪式上把它带到了家中。此外，在20世纪90年代初，加州理工学院向他赠送了钱学森的研究成果文件柜。
在中美关系正常化之后，美国航天航空学会邀请钱学森访问美国，但他拒绝了邀请，并要求对拘留他一事进行正式道歉。在2002年发表的一份回忆录中，马柏表示，他认为钱学森“对美国政府失去了信任” ，但他“一直对美国人民怀有非常温暖的感情”<ref>[http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm 科技网 -《科技日报》- 钱学森的系统科学成就和贡献] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514150132/http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm |date = 2012-05-14 }}</ref>
1958年，他积极参与中国科学技术大学（USTC）的创建，并担任该校现代力学系主任若干年。
1958年，他积极参与中国科学技术大学（USTC）的创建，并担任该校现代力学系主任若干年。
中国政府在1992年启动了载人航天计划，据报道，这得益于中国在太空的长期历史，加之得到了俄罗斯的一些帮助。钱学森的研究被用作长征火箭的基础，长征火箭于2003年10月成功完成了神舟五号任务。钱老在病床上通过电视观看了中国第一次载人航天飞行。
中国政府在1992年启动了载人航天计划，据报道，这得益于中国在太空的长期历史，加之得到了俄罗斯的一些帮助。钱学森的研究被用作长征火箭的基础，长征火箭于2003年10月成功完成了神舟五号任务。钱老在病床上通过电视观看了中国第一次载人航天飞行。
2008年，他被评为航空周和年度空间技术人物。这项认可不仅仅是一种荣誉，更是授予过去一年里对航空业影响最大的人。此外，那一年，中国中央电视台将钱学森评为中国最鼓舞人心的11位人物之一。<ref>钱学森：《创建系统学（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref><ref>钱学森：《论系统工程（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref>最重要的是，他帮助中国的大学建立了[[复杂性科学]]，北京师范大学系统科学学院也成了全国首家以系统科学命名的学院。
从20世纪80年代起，钱学森倡导对[[中医]]、[[气功]]进行科学研究，提出“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家积累气功的观测数据，以便将来建立科学理论。
从20世纪80年代起，钱学森倡导对[[中医]]、[[气功]]进行科学研究，提出“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家积累气功的观测数据，以便将来建立科学理论。 <ref>{{cite book |author = Qian Xuesen |title = 《创建人体科学》 |location = Chengdu |publisher = Sichuan Education Publishing House |date = May 1989 |edition = 1st |display-authors = etal }}</ref>
2009年7月，欧米茄阿尔法协会 Omega Alpha Association（一个国际系统工程荣誉学会），将钱学森位列四名荣誉会员之一。
== Later life 晚年生活==
== Later life 晚年生活==