“系统科学 Systems science”的版本间的差异

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== Systems scientists ==
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== 系统科学家 ==
  
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{{Main|List of systems scientists}}
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[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists 系统科学家名录]]
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General systems scientists can be divided into different generations. The founders of the systems movement like [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]], [[Kenneth Boulding]], [[Ralph Gerard]], [[James Grier Miller]], [[George J. Klir]], and [[Anatol Rapoport]] were all born between 1900 and 1920. They came from different natural and social science disciplines and joined forces in the 1950s to establish the general systems theory [[paradigm]]. Along with the organization of their efforts a first generation of systems scientists rose.
 
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General systems scientists can be divided into different generations. The founders of the systems movement like Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James Grier Miller, George J. Klir, and Anatol Rapoport were all born between 1900 and 1920. They came from different natural and social science disciplines and joined forces in the 1950s to establish the general systems theory paradigm. Along with the organization of their efforts a first generation of systems scientists rose.
 
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一般的系统科学家可以分为不同的世代。系统运动的创始人，如卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非，Kenneth Boulding，Ralph Gerard，James Grier Miller，George j. Klir 和 Anatol Rapoport 都出生于1900年到1920年之间。他们来自不同的自然科学和社会科学学科，在20世纪50年代联手建立了一般系统论范式。随着他们努力的组织，第一代系统科学家崛起。
 
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Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like [[Ervin Laszlo]] (1932) and [[Fritjof Capra]] (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. [[Debora Hammond]] can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists.
 
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Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like Ervin Laszlo (1932) and Fritjof Capra (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. Debora Hammond can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists.
 
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在他们当中，包括了其他科学家，如阿科夫，阿什比，玛格丽特米德和丘奇曼，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家启发并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如 Ervin Laszlo (1932年)和 fritzjof Capra (1939年) ，后者在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始写作。德波 · 哈蒙德可以说是典型的第三代系统科学家。
 
  
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一般的系统科学家可以分为不同的世代。系统运动的创始人，如 Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James Grier Miller, George J. Klir和 Anatol Rapoport 都出生于1900年到1920年之间。他们来自不同的自然科学和社会科学学科，并在20世纪50年代联手建立了一般系统论范式。在他们努力的组织下，第一代系统科学家崛起了。
  
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在他们当中，包括了一些其他的科学家，如Ackoff,Ashby,Margaret Mead和Churchman，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家激励并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如Ervin Laszlo(1932年)和fritzjof Capra (1939年)，他们在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始撰写相关文章。Debora Hammond可以被认为是第三代系统科学家的典型代表。
  
 
== Organizations ==
 
== Organizations ==

2020年9月19日 (六) 17:33的版本


文件:Systems thinking about the society.svg
关于社会的系统思考印象

系统科学是研究自然、社会、认知、工程、技术和科学本身的系统本质——由简单到复杂的系统本质的交叉学科。对于系统科学家来说，世界可以理解为一个系统的系统。[1]该领域的旨在发展适用于心理学、生物学、医学、通信、商业管理、计算机科学、工程学和社会科学等不同领域的跨学科的基础。[2]

系统科学涵盖了诸如复杂系统、控制论、动力系统理论、信息论、语言学或系统论等形式科学。它在自然科学、社会科学和工程学领域有应用，如控制论、运筹学、社会系统理论、系统生物学、系统动力学、人因学、系统生态学、计算机科学、系统工程学和系统心理学。[3]系统科学通常强调的主题是: (a)整体观点，(b)系统与其嵌入环境之间的相互作用，(c)动态行为的复杂轨迹(通常是微妙的)，有时是稳定的(因此具有加固性) ，但在各种“边界条件”下可能变得极不稳定(因此具有破坏性)。对地球尺度生物圈/地球圈动力学的关注是系统科学寻求对自然问题提供有意义见解的一个例子。

理论

自20世纪50年代出现一般系统研究以来，[4]系统思维和系统科学已经发展出许多理论框架。

Systems notes of Henk Bikker, TU Delft, 1991

系统分析

系统分析是系统科学的一个分支，它分析系统，系统内部的交互作用，或者系统与环境的交互作用，[5]常在它们自动化为计算机模型之前进行。这一领域与运筹学密切相关。

系统设计

系统设计是“建立和确定最佳系统组件配置以实现特定目标或目的”的过程。[5]例如在计算方面，系统设计可以定义硬件和包括许多子体系结构，例如软件体系结构、组件、模块、接口和数据，以及安全、信息等的系统体系结构，以满足计算机系统的特定要求。

系统动力学

系统动力学是理解复杂系统行为随时间变化的一种方法。它提供了解决影响整个系统行为的内部反馈循环和时间延迟的“模拟商业和社会系统建模的仿真技术” 。[6]使用系统动力学与其他研究复杂系统的方法的不同之处在于它使用了反馈循环和存量和流量。

系统工程

系统工程(SE)是一个跨学科的工程领域，其重点是复杂系统的开发和组织。它是“为复杂问题创造整体解决方案的艺术和科学”，[7]例如: 信号处理系统、控制系统和通信系统，或者在特定工程领域的其他形式的高级建模和设计。

系统方法论

系统方法论即系统分析的学科有多种类型。例如:
  • 软体系统方法论(SSM): 在组织研究领域，软体系统方法论是一种组织过程建模的方法，它既可用于一般问题的解决也可用于变更管理。它是由英国兰卡斯特大学系统学院的学者通过一个为期十年的行动研究项目开发的。
  • 系统开发方法论(SDM): 在IT领域发展出的系统开发方法论(SDM)是一系列结构化的、有组织的程序，它用于开发信息技术及嵌入式软件系统。
  • 可行系统方法(vSa):可行系统方法是一种有助于理解和管理复杂现象的方法; 它已在管理、决策、营销和服务领域得到了成功的应用。

系统理论

系统理论是一个研究自然、社会和科学中的复杂系统的交叉学科。更具体地说，它是一个概念框架，人们可以通过它来分析或描述任何一组协同工作以产生某种结果的对象。

系统科学

系统科学是部分基于系统思维的科学学科，如混沌理论、复杂系统、控制理论、控制论、社会技术系统论、系统生物学、系统化学、系统生态学、系统心理学以及前面提到的系统动力学、系统工程和系统理论。

领域

系统科学涵盖了形式科学，如动力系统理论，以及在自然、社会科学和工程中的应用，如社会系统理论和系统动力学。

系统科学家

[系统科学家名录]

一般的系统科学家可以分为不同的世代。系统运动的创始人，如 Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James Grier Miller, George J. Klir和 Anatol Rapoport 都出生于1900年到1920年之间。他们来自不同的自然科学和社会科学学科，并在20世纪50年代联手建立了一般系统论范式。在他们努力的组织下，第一代系统科学家崛起了。

在他们当中，包括了一些其他的科学家，如Ackoff,Ashby,Margaret Mead和Churchman，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家激励并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如Ervin Laszlo(1932年)和fritzjof Capra (1939年)，他们在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始撰写相关文章。Debora Hammond可以被认为是第三代系统科学家的典型代表。

Organizations

Main article: List of systems sciences organizations


The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is an organisation for interdisciplinary collaboration and synthesis of systems sciences. The ISSS is unique among systems-oriented institutions in terms of the breadth of its scope, bringing together scholars and practitioners from academic, business, government, and non-profit organizations. Based on fifty years of tremendous interdisciplinary research from the scientific study of complex systems to interactive approaches in management and community development. This society was initially conceived in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, and Anatol Rapoport.

The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is an organisation for interdisciplinary collaboration and synthesis of systems sciences. The ISSS is unique among systems-oriented institutions in terms of the breadth of its scope, bringing together scholars and practitioners from academic, business, government, and non-profit organizations. Based on fifty years of tremendous interdisciplinary research from the scientific study of complex systems to interactive approaches in management and community development. This society was initially conceived in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, and Anatol Rapoport.

国际系统科学学会(ISSS)是一个跨学科合作和综合系统科学的组织。ISSS 在系统导向的机构中是独一无二的，它的范围很广，在五十年跨学科研究的基础上，汇集了来自学术界、商界、政府和非盈利组织的学者和实践者，从对复杂系统的科学研究，到在管理和社区发展中采用交互方法。这个协会最初是1954年在斯坦福行为科学高级研究中心由卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非，Kenneth Boulding，Ralph Gerard 和 Anatol Rapoport 构想的。


In the field of systems science the International Federation for Systems Research (IFSR) is an international federation for global and local societies in the field of systems science. This federation is a non-profit, scientific and educational agency founded in 1981, and constituted of some thirty member organizations from various countries. The overall purpose of this Federation is to advance cybernetic and systems research and systems applications and to serve the international systems community.

In the field of systems science the International Federation for Systems Research (IFSR) is an international federation for global and local societies in the field of systems science. This federation is a non-profit, scientific and educational agency founded in 1981, and constituted of some thirty member organizations from various countries. The overall purpose of this Federation is to advance cybernetic and systems research and systems applications and to serve the international systems community.

在系统科学领域，国际系统研究联合会(IFSR)是系统科学领域全球和地方社会的国际联合会。本联合会成立于1981年，是一个非营利的科学和教育机构，由来自各国的三十个成员组织组成。本联合会的总体宗旨是促进控制论和系统研究及系统应用，并为国际系统界服务。


The best known research institute in the field is the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of complex systems. This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky. All but Pines and Gell-Mann were scientists with Los Alamos National Laboratory. SFI's original mission was to disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary research area, complexity theory referred to at SFI as complexity science. Recently, IIT Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India started inculcating system science and engineering to its students through Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs. This makes it the first institution to offer system science education to students in India.

The best known research institute in the field is the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of complex systems. This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky. All but Pines and Gell-Mann were scientists with Los Alamos National Laboratory. SFI's original mission was to disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary research area, complexity theory referred to at SFI as complexity science. Recently, IIT Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India started inculcating system science and engineering to its students through Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs. This makes it the first institution to offer system science education to students in India.

该领域最著名的研究机构是位于美国新墨西哥州圣达菲的圣菲研究所，它致力于复杂系统的研究。这个研究所是在1984年由 George Cowan，David Pines，Stirling Colgate，默里·盖尔曼，Nick Metropolis，Herb Anderson，Peter a. Carruthers 和 Richard Slansky 创立的。除了派恩斯和盖尔曼，其他人都是洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家。圣菲研究所的最初任务是传播独立的跨学科研究领域的概念，复杂性理论在 SFI 被称为复杂性科学。最近，印度拉贾斯坦邦的印度理工学院焦特布尔校区开始通过学士、硕士和博士项目向学生灌输系统科学和工程学。这使它成为印度第一个向学生提供系统科学教育的机构。


See also


References

  1. ↑ G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.
  2. ↑ Philip M'Pherson (1974, p. 229); as cited by: Hieronymi, A. (2013), Understanding Systems Science: A Visual and Integrative Approach. Syst. Res.. doi:10.1002/sres.2215. He defined systems science as "the ordered arrangement of knowledge acquired from the study of systems in the observable world, together with the application of this knowledge to the design of man-made systems."
  3. ↑ According to Francis Heylighen in "What are Cybernetics and Systems Science?" on Principia Cybernetica Web (1999) systems science is an "academic domain, that touches virtually all traditional disciplines, from mathematics, technology and biology to philosophy and the social sciences."
  4. ↑ Robert L. Flood (1993) Dealing with Complexity: : An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science. p. 3
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: Advances in computers, Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362
  6. ↑ Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation. Oxford University Press. p. 55
  7. ↑ Derek K. Hitchins (2008) Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology. p. 100


Further reading

  • B. A. Bayraktar, Education in Systems Science, 1979, 369 pp.
  • Jiri Kroc, Karel Balihar, Martin Matejovic, Complex Systems and Their Use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications, ResearchGate, 脚本错误：没有“Vorlage:Handle”这个模块。, 2019.
  • Ervin László, Systems Science and World Order: Selected Studies, 1983.
  • G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.
  • Anatol Rapoport (ed.), General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, Society for General Systems Research, Vol 1., 1956.
  • Li D. Xu, "The contributions of Systems Science to Information Systems Research", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17, 2000, pp. 105–116.
  • Graeme Donald Snooks, "A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics", Complexity, vol. 13, no. 6, July/August 2008.
  • Michael C. Jackson, Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity, 2019 , Wiley.


External links

模板:Commons category

  • Institute of System Science Knowledge (ISSK.org)


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