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第26行： − 复杂适应系统这个术语，或者复杂性科学，经常被用来描述围绕这类系统研究而成长起来的松散组织的学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论---- 它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。复杂适应系统可能采用硬方法或软方法。硬理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为代理人具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵。软理论使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而代理人是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论，其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与软理论有关。从现在开始，人们的兴趣将集中在中科院。+ 第34行：
第34行： − 复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、突发性和宏观性上。+ 第42行：
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第60行： − 其他重要的属性是适应(或内稳态) ，沟通，合作，专业化，时空组织和繁殖。它们可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞专门化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样。沟通和合作发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用博弈论分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。+ − + 第77行：
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→Overview
== Overview ==
== 概述 Overview ==
The term ''complex adaptive systems'', or ''[[complexity science]]'', is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about [[life|living]], adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolles |first1=Maurice |title=The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories |journal=Kybernetes |date=2018 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1354 |doi=10.1108/K-06-2018-0337}}</ref>. Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and [[Viability_theory|Viability Theory]], and a class of softer theory is [[Viable_system_theory|Viable System Theory]]. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
The term ''complex adaptive systems'', or ''[[complexity science]]'', is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about [[life|living]], adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolles |first1=Maurice |title=The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories |journal=Kybernetes |date=2018 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1354 |doi=10.1108/K-06-2018-0337}}</ref>. Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and [[Viability_theory|Viability Theory]], and a class of softer theory is [[Viable_system_theory|Viable System Theory]]. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches . Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches . Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
复杂适应系统这个术语，或者'''[[复杂性科学]]（complexity science）'''，经常被用来描述围绕此类系统研究而成长起来的''松散组织的（这里”松散组织的“个人认为可以意译为”相关的“即可）''学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，目标是寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法：硬性理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为代理人具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵；而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而代理人是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论，其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与软理论有关。自此之后，人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统（CAS，Complex adaptive systems）'''上。
The study of CAS focuses on complex, emergent and macroscopic properties of the system.
The study of CAS focuses on complex, emergent and macroscopic properties of the system.
复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观性上。
Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; animal swarms; traffic flows; social insect (e.g. ant) colonies; The internet and cyberspace—composed, collaborated, and managed by a complex mix of human–computer interactions, is also regarded as a complex adaptive system.
Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; animal swarms; traffic flows; social insect (e.g. ant) colonies; The internet and cyberspace—composed, collaborated, and managed by a complex mix of human–computer interactions, is also regarded as a complex adaptive system.
复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候; 城市; 企业; 市场; 政府; 工业; 生态系统; 社会网络; 电网; 动物群落; 交通流量; 社会昆虫(例如:。蚁群: 互联网和网络空间ー由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理，也被视为复杂适应性系统。
复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流量、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。
What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.
What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.
CAS 与纯多智能体系统的区别在于，它关注于顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、出现性和自我组织。多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的智能体组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，智能体和系统是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS 是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应代理的集体。复杂适应系统具有高度的适应能力，使拥有属性在面对干扰时具有弹性。
'''复杂适应系统（CAS）'''与'''纯多智能体系统（MAS，Multi-agent system）'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自我组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的弹性。
Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.
Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.
其他重要的属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态（Homeostasis）'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论（Game theory）'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。
=== Characteristics ===
=== 特点 Characteristics ===
* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information
* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information
* 元素的数量足够大，以至于常规描述（如'''微分方程（Differential equation）'''系统）不仅不切实际，而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外，系统元素之间是动态交互的，并且这种交互既可以是物理的，也可以是信息交换；
* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems
* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems
* 这样的交互是丰富的，即系统中的任何元素或子系统都受到并影响其他的元素或子系统；
* The interactions are [[non-linear]]: small changes in inputs, physical interactions or stimuli can cause large effects or very significant changes in outputs
* The interactions are [[non-linear]]: small changes in inputs, physical interactions or stimuli can cause large effects or very significant changes in outputs
* 组件间相互作用是'''非线性（Non-linear）'''的：输入、物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化可能会导致较大的影响，或使得输出发生非常显著的变化；
* Interactions are primarily but not exclusively with immediate neighbours and the nature of the influence is modulated
* Interactions are primarily but not exclusively with immediate neighbours and the nature of the influence is modulated
* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
== Modeling and simulation ==
== Modeling and simulation ==