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第51行： − + − --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）全文统一用一个名词 复杂适应系统/CAS 第62行：
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A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior. In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts, and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.
A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior. In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts, and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.
'''复杂适应性系统 Complex adaptive system '''是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统部分行为的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个组成部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分的加和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究是高度跨学科的，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异构代理]]（Heterogeneous agents）'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]]（Emergent behavior）'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。
'''复杂适应性系统 Complex adaptive system '''是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统部分行为的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个组成部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分的加和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究是高度跨学科的，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异构代理]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]] Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集 复杂适应系统类属于非线性动力系统
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集 复杂适应系统类属于非线性动力系统
They are complex in that they are dynamic networks of interactions, and their relationships are not aggregations of the individual static entities, i.e., the behavior of the ensemble is not predicted by the behavior of the components. They are adaptive in that the individual and collective behavior mutate and self-organize corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.
They are complex in that they are dynamic networks of interactions, and their relationships are not aggregations of the individual static entities, i.e., the behavior of the ensemble is not predicted by the behavior of the components. They are adaptive in that the individual and collective behavior mutate and self-organize corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.
这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]](Dynamic network analysis)'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。
这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。
The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches . Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches . Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
复杂适应系统这个术语，或者'''[[复杂性科学]]（complexity science）'''，经常被用来描述围绕此类系统研究而成长起来的''松散组织的（这里”松散组织的“个人认为可以意译为”相关的“即可）''学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，目标是寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法：硬性理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为代理人具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵；而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而代理人是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论，其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与软理论有关。自此之后，人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统（CAS，Complex adaptive systems）'''上。
复杂适应系统这个术语，或者'''[[复杂性科学]] Complexity science'''，经常被用来描述围绕此类系统研究而成长起来的''松散组织的（这里”松散组织的“个人认为可以意译为”相关的“即可）''学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，目标是寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法：硬性理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为主题本身具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵；而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而主体是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论，其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与软理论有关。自此之后，人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统 CAS，Complex adaptive systems'''上。
What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.
What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.
'''复杂适应系统（CAS）'''与'''纯多智能体系统（MAS，Multi-agent system）'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自我组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的弹性。
'''复杂适应系统 CAS'''与'''纯多智能体系统 MAS，Multi-agent system'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自我组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的弹性。
Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.
Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.
其他重要的属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态（Homeostasis）'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论（Game theory）'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。
其他重要的属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态 Homeostasis'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论 Game theory'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。
=== 特点 Characteristics ===
=== 特点 Characteristics ===
* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information
* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information
* 元素的数量足够大，以至于常规描述（如'''微分方程（Differential equation）'''系统）不仅不切实际，而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外，系统元素之间是动态交互的，并且这种交互既可以是物理的，也可以是信息交换；
* 元素的数量足够大，以至于常规描述（如'''微分方程 Differential equation'''系统）不仅不切实际，而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外，系统元素之间是动态交互的，并且这种交互既可以是物理的，也可以是信息交换；
* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems
* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems
* The interactions are [[non-linear]]: small changes in inputs, physical interactions or stimuli can cause large effects or very significant changes in outputs
* The interactions are [[non-linear]]: small changes in inputs, physical interactions or stimuli can cause large effects or very significant changes in outputs
* 组件间相互作用是'''非线性（Non-linear）'''的：系统输入、组件间的物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化都可能会导致较大的影响，或使得输出发生非常显著的变化；
* 主体间相互作用是'''非线性 Non-linear'''的：系统输入、组件间的物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化都可能会导致较大的影响，或使得输出发生非常显著的变化；
* Interactions are primarily but not exclusively with immediate neighbours and the nature of the influence is modulated
* Interactions are primarily but not exclusively with immediate neighbours and the nature of the influence is modulated
* Any interaction can feed back onto itself directly or after a number of intervening stages. Such feedback can vary in quality. This is known as ''recurrency''
* Any interaction can feed back onto itself directly or after a number of intervening stages. Such feedback can vary in quality. This is known as ''recurrency''
* 任何交互都可以直接或在多个干预阶段之后间接反馈到自身，此类反馈的质量可能会有所不同。这种现象称为'''重复发生（Recurrency）'''；
* 任何交互都可以直接或在多个干预阶段之后间接反馈到自身，此类反馈的质量可能会有所不同。这种现象称为'''重复发生 Recurrency'''；
* The overall behavior of the system of elements is not predicted by the behavior of the individual elements
* The overall behavior of the system of elements is not predicted by the behavior of the individual elements
* '''Strategy''', a conditional action pattern that indicates what to do in which circumstances
* '''Strategy''', a conditional action pattern that indicates what to do in which circumstances
* '''策略（Strategy）'''：一种有条件的行为模式，指示系统在什么情况下该做什么；
* '''策略 Strategy'''：一种有条件的行为模式，指示系统在什么情况下该做什么；
* '''Artifact''', a material resource that has definite location and can respond to the action of agents
* '''Artifact''', a material resource that has definite location and can respond to the action of agents
* '''工件（Artifact）''' ''（这里的专有名词的翻译有待商榷）''：一种具有确定位置并可以响应代理行为的物质资源；
* '''工件 Artifact''' ''（这里的专有名词的翻译有待商榷）''：一种具有确定位置并可以响应代理行为的物质资源；
* '''Agent''', a collection of properties, strategies & capabilities for interacting with artifacts & other agents
* '''Agent''', a collection of properties, strategies & capabilities for interacting with artifacts & other agents
* '''主体（Agent）'''：用于与工件和其他代理进行交互的属性，策略和功能的集合；
* '''主体 Agent'''：用于与工件和其他代理进行交互的属性，策略和功能的集合；
* '''Population''', a collection of agents, or, in some situations, collections of strategies
* '''Population''', a collection of agents, or, in some situations, collections of strategies
* '''群体（Population）'''：代理的集合，或在某些情况下，策略的集合；
* '''群体 Population'''：代理的集合，或在某些情况下，策略的集合；
* '''System''', a larger collection, including one or more populations of agents and possibly also artifacts
* '''System''', a larger collection, including one or more populations of agents and possibly also artifacts
* '''系统（System）'''：是一个较大的集合，包括一个或多个代理群体，可能还包括工件（artifacts）；
* '''系统 System'''：是一个较大的集合，包括一个或多个代理群体，可能还包括工件（artifacts）；
* '''Type''', all the agents (or strategies) in a population that have some characteristic in common
* '''Type''', all the agents (or strategies) in a population that have some characteristic in common
* '''类型（Type）'''：总体中具有某些共同特征的所有主体（或策略）；
* '''类型 Type'''：总体中具有某些共同特征的所有主体（或策略）；
* '''Variety''', the diversity of types within a population or system
* '''Variety''', the diversity of types within a population or system
* '''种类（Variety）'''：种群或系统中类型的多样性；
* '''种类 Variety'''：种群或系统中类型的多样性；
* '''Interaction pattern''', the recurring regularities of contact among types within a system
* '''Interaction pattern''', the recurring regularities of contact among types within a system
* '''交互模式（Interaction pattern）'''：系统内类型之间的重复接触规律；
* '''交互模式 Interaction pattern'''：系统内类型之间的重复接触规律；
* '''Space (physical)''', location in geographical space & time of agents and artifacts
* '''Space (physical)''', location in geographical space & time of agents and artifacts
* '''空间（物理）（Space (physical)）'''：地理空间中的位置以及代理和人工制品的时间；
* '''空间（物理） Space (physical)'''：地理空间中的位置以及代理和人工制品的时间；
* '''Space (conceptual)''', "location" in a set of categories structured so that "nearby" agents will tend to interact
* '''Space (conceptual)''', "location" in a set of categories structured so that "nearby" agents will tend to interact
* '''空间（概念）（Space (conceptual)）'''：“位置”在一组结构合理的类别中，以便“附近”的代理进行交互；
* '''空间（概念） Space (conceptual)'''：“位置”在一组结构合理的类别中，以便“附近”的代理进行交互；
* '''Selection''', processes that lead to an increase or decrease in the frequency of various types of agent or strategies
* '''Selection''', processes that lead to an increase or decrease in the frequency of various types of agent or strategies
* '''选择（Selection）'''：导致各种类型的代理或策略发生频率增加或减少的过程；
* '''选择 Selection'''：导致各种类型的代理或策略发生频率增加或减少的过程；
* '''Success criteria''' or '''performance measures''', a "score" used by an agent or designer in attributing credit in the selection of relatively successful (or unsuccessful) strategies or agents
* '''Success criteria''' or '''performance measures''', a "score" used by an agent or designer in attributing credit in the selection of relatively successful (or unsuccessful) strategies or agents
* '''成功标准（Success criteria）''' 或 '''评价指标（performance measures）'''：指评价代理或设计者在选择相对成功（或不成功）的策略或代理时的“分数”。
* '''成功标准 Success criteria''' 或 '''评价指标 Performance measures'''：指评价代理或设计者在选择相对成功（或不成功）的策略或代理时的“分数”。
* '''Path dependent:''' Systems tend to be sensitive to their initial conditions. The same force might affect systems differently.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Path dependent:''' Systems tend to be sensitive to their initial conditions. The same force might affect systems differently.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''路径依赖（Path dependent）'''：系统状态对初始条件敏感，相同的力在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响；
* '''路径依赖 Path dependent'''：系统状态对初始条件敏感，相同的力在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响；
* '''Systems have a history:''' The future behavior of a system depends on its initial starting point and subsequent history.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
* '''Systems have a history:''' The future behavior of a system depends on its initial starting point and subsequent history.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
* '''系统具有历史记录（Systems have a history）'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续历史记录；
* '''系统具有历史记录 Systems have a history'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续历史记录；
* '''Non-linearity:''' React disproportionately to environmental perturbations. Outcomes differ from those of simple systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
* '''Non-linearity:''' React disproportionately to environmental perturbations. Outcomes differ from those of simple systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
* '''非线性（Non-linearity）'''：对环境扰动的反应过大，结果与简单系统的结果不同；
* '''非线性 Non-linearity'''：对环境扰动的反应过大，结果与简单系统的结果不同；
* '''Emergence:''' Each system's internal dynamics affect its ability to change in a manner that might be quite different from other systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Emergence:''' Each system's internal dynamics affect its ability to change in a manner that might be quite different from other systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''涌现（Emergence）'''：每个系统内部动态影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；
* '''涌现 Emergence'''：每个系统内部动态影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；
* '''Irreducible:''' Irreversible process transformations cannot be reduced back to its original state.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''Irreducible:''' Irreversible process transformations cannot be reduced back to its original state.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''不可还原（Irreducible）''' ：其过程转换是不可逆的，无法还原到其原始状态；
* '''不可还原 Irreducible''' ：其过程转换是不可逆的，无法还原到其原始状态；
* '''Adaptive/Adaptability:''' Systems that are simultaneously ordered and disordered are more adaptable and resilient.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Adaptive/Adaptability:''' Systems that are simultaneously ordered and disordered are more adaptable and resilient.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''适应性/适应性（Adaptive/Adaptability）'''：同时有序和无序的系统更具适应性和弹性；
* '''适应性/适应性 Adaptive/Adaptability'''：同时有序和无序的系统更具适应性和弹性；
* '''Operates between order and chaos:''' Adaptive tension emerges from the energy differential between the system and its environment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''Operates between order and chaos:''' Adaptive tension emerges from the energy differential between the system and its environment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''在有序和无序之间运行（Operates between order and chaos）'''：自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的；
* '''在有序和无序之间运行 Operates between order and chaos'''：自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的；
* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''自组织（Self-organizing）''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组件以及系统的多样性组成。
* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组件以及系统的多样性组成。
== 系统的建模与仿真 Modeling and simulation ==
== 系统的建模与仿真 Modeling and simulation ==
CAS are occasionally modeled by means of agent-based models and complex network-based models. Agent-based models are developed by means of various methods and tools primarily by means of first identifying the different agents inside the model. Another method of developing models for CAS involves developing complex network models by means of using interaction data of various CAS components.
CAS are occasionally modeled by means of agent-based models and complex network-based models. Agent-based models are developed by means of various methods and tools primarily by means of first identifying the different agents inside the model. Another method of developing models for CAS involves developing complex network models by means of using interaction data of various CAS components.
'''复杂适应系统（CAS）'''有时可以用'''基于主体的模型（Agent-based model）'''和'''基于复杂网络的模型（Complex network-based models）'''来建模。基于主体的模型主要是通过识别模型中的不同主体，利用各种方法和工具开发的。而开发复杂适应系统模型的另一种方法，则是利用复杂适应系统各组成部分的交互数据来构建复杂的网络模型。
CAS有时可以用'''基于主体的模型 Agent-based model'''和'''基于复杂网络的模型 Complex network-based models'''来建模。基于主体的模型主要是通过识别模型中的不同主体，利用各种方法和工具开发的。而开发复杂适应系统模型的另一种方法，则是利用复杂适应系统各组成部分的交互数据来构建复杂的网络模型。
In 2013 SpringerOpen/BioMed Central has launched an online open-access journal on the topic of complex adaptive systems modeling (CASM).
In 2013 SpringerOpen/BioMed Central has launched an online open-access journal on the topic of complex adaptive systems modeling (CASM).
2013年，SpringerOpen/BioMed Central 推出了一个开放的在线获取期刊平台，其主题就是关于'''复杂适应性系统建模（CASM）'''。
2013年，SpringerOpen/BioMed Central 推出了一个开放的在线获取期刊平台，其主题就是关于'''复杂适应性系统建模 CASM'''。
== 复杂性的演变 Evolution of complexity ==
== 复杂性的演变 Evolution of complexity ==