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第69行： − 在过去的四十年里，计算社会学已经被引入并且越来越受欢迎。这主要用于建模或构建社会过程的解释，并且依赖于从简单活动中出现的复杂行为。涌现背后的思想是，任何较大系统的性质，并不总是必须是组成系统的组件的性质。引入涌现思想的人是亚历山大、摩根和布罗德，他们都是古典出现主义者。这些再生派提出这个概念和方法的时间是在二十世纪初期。这种方法的目的是在两种不同的极端本体论之间找到一个足够好的调和，即还原论的唯物主义和二元论。+ + + 第86行：
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→Background
=== Background ===
=== Background 背景===
In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity . This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities. The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of. The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists. The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century. The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.
In the past four decades, computational sociology has been introduced and gaining popularity . This has been used primarily for modeling or building explanations of social processes and are depending on the emergence of complex behavior from simple activities. The idea behind emergence is that properties of any bigger system do not always have to be properties of the components that the system is made of. The people responsible for the introduction of the idea of emergence are Alexander, Morgan, and Broad, who were classical emergentists. The time at which these emergentists came up with this concept and method was during the time of the early twentieth century. The aim of this method was to find a good enough accommodation between two different and extreme ontologies, which were reductionist materialism and dualism.
在过去的四十年里，计算社会学诞生并且越来越受欢迎。
====here====
这主要用于建模或构建社会过程的解释，并且依赖于从简单活动中出现的复杂行为。涌现背后的思想是，任何较大系统的性质，并不总是必须是组成系统的组件的性质。引入涌现思想的人是亚历山大、摩根和布罗德，他们都是古典出现主义者。这些再生派提出这个概念和方法的时间是在二十世纪初期。这种方法的目的是在两种不同的极端本体论之间找到一个足够好的调和，即还原论的唯物主义和二元论。
基于代理的模型对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代，用于模拟组织、城市等的控制和反馈过程。在20世纪70年代，应用程序引入了个体作为分析的主要单元，并使用自下而上的策略来建模行为。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。在这个时候，模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是代理互相依赖地相互作用。
基于代理的模型对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代，用于模拟组织、城市等的控制和反馈过程。在20世纪70年代，应用程序引入了个体作为分析的主要单元，并使用自下而上的策略来建模行为。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。在这个时候，模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是代理互相依赖地相互作用。
===Systems theory and structural functionalism===
===Systems theory and structural functionalism===