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在'''发展型机器人 Developmental robotics'''学习中，机器人学习算法能够产生自己的学习经验序列，也称为课程，通过自我引导的探索来与人类社会进行互动，累积获得新技能。这些机器人在学习的过程中会使用诸如主动学习、成熟、协同运动和模仿等引导机制。

在'''发展型机器人 Developmental robotics'''学习中，机器人学习算法能够产生自己的学习经验序列，也称为课程，通过自我引导的探索来与人类社会进行互动，累积获得新技能。这些机器人在学习的过程中会使用诸如主动学习、成熟、协同运动和模仿等引导机制。

==== Association rules ====

==== 关联规则 Association rules ====

{{Main|Association rule learning}}{{See also|Inductive logic programming}}

{{Main|Association rule learning}}{{See also|Inductive logic programming}}

Association rule learning is a rule-based machine learning method for discovering relationships between variables in large databases. It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in databases using some measure of "interestingness".

Association rule learning is a rule-based machine learning method for discovering relationships between variables in large databases. It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in databases using some measure of "interestingness".

Rule-based machine learning is a general term for any machine learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves "rules" to store, manipulate or apply knowledge. The defining characteristic of a rule-based machine learning algorithm is the identification and utilization of a set of relational rules that collectively represent the knowledge captured by the system. This is in contrast to other machine learning algorithms that commonly identify a singular model that can be universally applied to any instance in order to make a prediction. Rule-based machine learning approaches include learning classifier systems, association rule learning, and artificial immune systems.

Rule-based machine learning is a general term for any machine learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves "rules" to store, manipulate or apply knowledge. The defining characteristic of a rule-based machine learning algorithm is the identification and utilization of a set of relational rules that collectively represent the knowledge captured by the system. This is in contrast to other machine learning algorithms that commonly identify a singular model that can be universally applied to any instance in order to make a prediction. Rule-based machine learning approaches include learning classifier systems, association rule learning, and artificial immune systems.

Based on the concept of strong rules, Rakesh Agrawal, Tomasz Imieliński and Arun Swami introduced association rules for discovering regularities between products in large-scale transaction data recorded by point-of-sale (POS) systems in supermarkets. For example, the rule <math>\{\mathrm{onions, potatoes}\} \Rightarrow \{\mathrm{burger}\}</math> found in the sales data of a supermarket would indicate that if a customer buys onions and potatoes together, they are likely to also buy hamburger meat. Such information can be used as the basis for decisions about marketing activities such as promotional pricing or product placements. In addition to market basket analysis, association rules are employed today in application areas including Web usage mining, intrusion detection, continuous production, and bioinformatics. In contrast with sequence mining, association rule learning typically does not consider the order of items either within a transaction or across transactions.

Based on the concept of strong rules, Rakesh Agrawal, Tomasz Imieliński and Arun Swami introduced association rules for discovering regularities between products in large-scale transaction data recorded by point-of-sale (POS) systems in supermarkets. For example, the rule <math>\{\mathrm{onions, potatoes}\} \Rightarrow \{\mathrm{burger}\}</math> found in the sales data of a supermarket would indicate that if a customer buys onions and potatoes together, they are likely to also buy hamburger meat. Such information can be used as the basis for decisions about marketing activities such as promotional pricing or product placements. In addition to market basket analysis, association rules are employed today in application areas including Web usage mining, intrusion detection, continuous production, and bioinformatics. In contrast with sequence mining, association rule learning typically does not consider the order of items either within a transaction or across transactions.

基于强规则的概念，Rakesh Agrawal、 Tomasz imieli ski 和 Arun Swami 引入了关联规则，用于在超市销售点(POS)系统记录的大规模交易数据中发现产品之间的规则。例如，在超市的销售数据中发现的规则数学，洋葱，土豆，右塔罗，数学表明，如果顾客一起购买洋葱和土豆，他们也可能购买汉堡肉。这些信息可以作为市场活动的决策依据，如促销价格或产品植入。除了市场篮子分析之外，关联规则还应用于 Web 使用挖掘、入侵检测、连续生产和生物信息学等应用领域。与序列挖掘相比，关联规则学习通常不考虑事务内或事务之间的项顺序。

基于强规则的原理，Rakesh Agrawal、 Tomasz imieli ski 和 Arun Swami 引入了关联规则这一概念，用于在超市销售点（POS）系统记录的大规模交易数据中发现产品之间的规则。例如，在超市的销售数据中发现的规则表明，如果某位顾客同时购买洋葱和土豆，那么他也很可能会购买汉堡肉。这些信息可以作为市场决策的依据，如促销价格或产品植入。除了市场篮子分析之外，关联规则还应用于 '''Web 使用挖掘 Web usage mining'''、'''入侵检测 Intrusion detection'''、连续生产和'''生物信息学 Bioinformatics'''等应用领域。与序列挖掘相比，关联规则学习通常不考虑事务内或事务之间的先后顺序。

Learning classifier systems (LCS) are a family of rule-based machine learning algorithms that combine a discovery component, typically a genetic algorithm, with a learning component, performing either supervised learning, reinforcement learning, or unsupervised learning. They seek to identify a set of context-dependent rules that collectively store and apply knowledge in a piecewise manner in order to make predictions.

Learning classifier systems (LCS) are a family of rule-based machine learning algorithms that combine a discovery component, typically a genetic algorithm, with a learning component, performing either supervised learning, reinforcement learning, or unsupervised learning. They seek to identify a set of context-dependent rules that collectively store and apply knowledge in a piecewise manner in order to make predictions.

学习分类器系统(LCS)是一系列基于规则的机器学习算法，它结合了一个发现组件，通常是一个遗传算法，和一个学习组件，执行监督式学习、强化学习或非监督式学习。他们试图确定一组与上下文相关的规则，这些规则以分段的方式共同储存和应用知识，以便进行预测。

'''学习分类器系统 Learning classifier systems，LCS'''是一系列基于规则的机器学习算法，它结合了一个发现组件，通常是一个遗传算法和一个学习组件，执行监督式学习、强化学习或非监督式学习。他们试图给出一组与上下文相关的规则，而这些规则以分段的方式共同储存和应用知识，以便进行预测。

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is an approach to rule-learning using logic programming as a uniform representation for input examples, background knowledge, and hypotheses. Given an encoding of the known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesized logic program that entails all positive and no negative examples. Inductive programming is a related field that considers any kind of programming languages for representing hypotheses (and not only logic programming), such as functional programs.

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is an approach to rule-learning using logic programming as a uniform representation for input examples, background knowledge, and hypotheses. Given an encoding of the known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesized logic program that entails all positive and no negative examples. Inductive programming is a related field that considers any kind of programming languages for representing hypotheses (and not only logic programming), such as functional programs.

归纳逻辑规划(ILP)是一种用逻辑规划作为输入示例、背景知识和假设的统一表示的规则学习方法。如果将已知的背景知识编码，并将一组示例表示为事实的逻辑数据库，ILP 系统将推导出一个假设的逻辑程序，其中包含所有正面和负面的示例。归纳编程是一个相关的领域，它考虑用任何一种编程语言来表示假设(不仅仅是逻辑编程) ，比如函数编程。

'''归纳逻辑规划 Inductive logic programming，ILP'''是一种用逻辑规划作为输入示例、背景知识和假设的统一表示的规则学习方法。如果将已知的背景知识进行编码，并将一组示例表示为事实的逻辑数据库，ILP 系统将推导出一个假设的逻辑程序，其中包含所有正面和负面的样例。归纳编程是一个与其相关的领域，它考虑用任何一种编程语言来表示假设（不仅仅是逻辑编程），比如'''函数编程 Functional programs'''。

Inductive logic programming is particularly useful in bioinformatics and natural language processing. Gordon Plotkin and Ehud Shapiro laid the initial theoretical foundation for inductive machine learning in a logical setting. Shapiro built their first implementation (Model Inference System) in 1981: a Prolog program that inductively inferred logic programs from positive and negative examples. The term inductive here refers to philosophical induction, suggesting a theory to explain observed facts, rather than mathematical induction, proving a property for all members of a well-ordered set.

Inductive logic programming is particularly useful in bioinformatics and natural language processing. Gordon Plotkin and Ehud Shapiro laid the initial theoretical foundation for inductive machine learning in a logical setting. Shapiro built their first implementation (Model Inference System) in 1981: a Prolog program that inductively inferred logic programs from positive and negative examples. The term inductive here refers to philosophical induction, suggesting a theory to explain observed facts, rather than mathematical induction, proving a property for all members of a well-ordered set.

归纳逻辑程序设计在生物信息学和自然语言处理中特别有用。戈登 · 普洛特金和埃胡德 · 夏皮罗为归纳机器学习在逻辑上奠定了最初的理论基础。夏皮罗在1981年建立了他们的第一个实现(模型推理系统) : 一个从正反例中归纳推断逻辑程序的 Prolog 程序。归纳这个术语在这里指的是哲学归纳，建议一个理论来解释观察到的事实，而不是数学归纳法，证明了一个有序集合的所有成员的性质。

归纳逻辑程序设计在生物信息学和自然语言处理中特别有用。戈登 · 普洛特金 Gordon Plotkin和埃胡德 · 夏皮罗 Ehud Shapiro为归纳机器学习在逻辑上奠定了最初的理论基础。夏皮罗 Shapiro在1981年实现了他们的第一个模型推理系统: 一个从正反例中归纳推断逻辑程序的 Prolog 程序。这里的”归纳“指的是哲学上的归纳，通过提出一个理论来解释观察到的事实，而不是数学归纳法证明了一个有序集合的所有成员的性质。

 

 

=== Models ===

=== Models ===