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第61行： − 复杂适应系统其他重要的属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态 Homeostasis'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论 Game theory'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。+ 第75行：
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第250行： − 假设这种说法是普遍正确的，那么进化就会朝着复杂性的方向发展。如下所示，在这种类型的流程中，最常见的复杂性值会随着时间的推移而增加。而事实上，一些人工生命模拟已经表明，CAS的产生是进化过程中不可避免的特征。+ 第266行：
第266行： − 在这一假设中，向更复杂的生物体发展的明显趋势是一种错觉，因为它只注意居住在复杂性分布的右端的少数大型、非常复杂的生物体，而忽略了更简单和更普通的生物体。这个被动模型强调，绝大多数物种是微小的原核生物，它们构成了世界生物量的一半，构成了地球生物多样性的绝大多数。因此，简单生命在地球上仍然占主导地位，而复杂生命仅仅因为抽样的偏差而显得更加多样化。+
无编辑摘要
What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.
What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.
'''复杂适应系统 CAS'''与'''纯多智能体系统 MAS，Multi-agent system'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自我组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的恢复能力。
'''复杂适应系统 CAS'''与'''纯多智能体系统 MAS，Multi-agent system'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶层性质和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的恢复能力。
Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.
Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize, adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.
复杂适应系统的其他重要属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态 Homeostasis'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从个体到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论 Game theory'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。
=== 特点 Characteristics ===
=== 特点 Characteristics ===
* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information
* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information
* 元素的数量足够大，以至于常规描述（如'''微分方程 Differential equation'''系统）不仅不切实际，而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外，系统元素之间是动态交互的，并且这种交互既可以是物理的，也可以是信息交换；
* 个体的数量足够大，以至于常规描述（如'''微分方程 Differential equation'''系统）不仅不切实际，而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外，系统个体之间发生动力学上的相互作用，并且这种相互作用既可以是物理的，也可以是信息的交换；
* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems
* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems
* 这样的交互是丰富的，即系统中的任何元素或子系统都受到并影响其他的元素或子系统；
* 这样的相互作用是丰富的，即系统中的任何个体或子系统都受到并影响其他的个体或子系统；
* The interactions are [[non-linear]]: small changes in inputs, physical interactions or stimuli can cause large effects or very significant changes in outputs
* The interactions are [[non-linear]]: small changes in inputs, physical interactions or stimuli can cause large effects or very significant changes in outputs
* 主体间相互作用是'''非线性 Non-linear'''的：系统输入、组件间的物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化都可能会导致较大的影响，或使得输出发生非常显著的变化；
* 个体间相互作用是'''非线性 Non-linear'''的：系统输入、个体间的物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化都可能会导致较大的影响，或使得输出发生非常显著的变化；
* Interactions are primarily but not exclusively with immediate neighbours and the nature of the influence is modulated
* Interactions are primarily but not exclusively with immediate neighbours and the nature of the influence is modulated
* Any interaction can feed back onto itself directly or after a number of intervening stages. Such feedback can vary in quality. This is known as ''recurrency''
* Any interaction can feed back onto itself directly or after a number of intervening stages. Such feedback can vary in quality. This is known as ''recurrency''
* 任何交互都可以直接或在多个干预阶段之后间接反馈到自身，此类反馈的质量可能会有所不同。这种现象称为'''重复发生 Recurrency'''；
* 任何相互作用都可以直接或在多个干预阶段之后间接反馈到自身，此类反馈的质量可能会有所不同。这种现象称为'''重复发生 Recurrency'''；
* The overall behavior of the system of elements is not predicted by the behavior of the individual elements
* The overall behavior of the system of elements is not predicted by the behavior of the individual elements
* 元素系统的整体行为无法通过单个元素的行为来预测；
* 系统的整体行为无法通过单个个体的行为来预测；
* Such systems may be open and it may be difficult or impossible to define system boundaries
* Such systems may be open and it may be difficult or impossible to define system boundaries
* Elements in the system may be ignorant of the behaviour of the system as a whole, responding only to the information or physical stimuli available to them locally
* Elements in the system may be ignorant of the behaviour of the system as a whole, responding only to the information or physical stimuli available to them locally
* 系统中的某个元素可能并不了解整个系统的行为，因此会仅对本地可用的信息或物理刺激做出响应。
* 系统中的个体可能并不了解整个系统的行为，因此仅会对局域的可用信息或物理刺激做出响应。
* '''Artifact''', a material resource that has definite location and can respond to the action of agents
* '''Artifact''', a material resource that has definite location and can respond to the action of agents
* '''工件 Artifact''' ''（这里的专有名词的翻译有待商榷）''：一种具有确定位置并可以响应代理行为的物质资源；
* '''工件 Artifact''' ''（这里的专有名词的翻译有待商榷）''：一种具有确定位置并可以响应个体行为的物质资源；
* '''Agent''', a collection of properties, strategies & capabilities for interacting with artifacts & other agents
* '''Agent''', a collection of properties, strategies & capabilities for interacting with artifacts & other agents
* '''主体 Agent'''：用于与工件和其他代理进行交互的属性，策略和功能的集合；
* '''主体 Agent'''：用于与工件和其他个体进行交互的属性，策略和功能的集合；
* '''Population''', a collection of agents, or, in some situations, collections of strategies
* '''Population''', a collection of agents, or, in some situations, collections of strategies
* '''群体 Population'''：代理的集合，或在某些情况下，策略的集合；
* '''群体 （建议翻译为：种群）Population'''：个体的集合，或在某些情况下，策略的集合；
* '''System''', a larger collection, including one or more populations of agents and possibly also artifacts
* '''System''', a larger collection, including one or more populations of agents and possibly also artifacts
* '''系统 System'''：是一个较大的集合，包括一个或多个代理群体，可能还包括工件（artifacts）；
* '''系统 System'''：是一个较大的集合，包括一个或多个个体的群体，可能还包括工件（artifacts）；
* '''Type''', all the agents (or strategies) in a population that have some characteristic in common
* '''Type''', all the agents (or strategies) in a population that have some characteristic in common
* '''Space (physical)''', location in geographical space & time of agents and artifacts
* '''Space (physical)''', location in geographical space & time of agents and artifacts
* '''空间（物理） Space (physical)'''：地理空间中的位置以及代理和人工制品的时间；
* '''空间（物理） Space (physical)'''：个体和工件在地理空间或时间中的位置；
* '''Space (conceptual)''', "location" in a set of categories structured so that "nearby" agents will tend to interact
* '''Space (conceptual)''', "location" in a set of categories structured so that "nearby" agents will tend to interact
* '''空间（概念） Space (conceptual)'''：“位置”在一组结构合理的类别中，以便“附近”的代理进行交互；
* '''空间（概念） Space (conceptual)'''：“位置”在一组结构合理的类别中，以便“附近”的个体进行交互；
* '''Selection''', processes that lead to an increase or decrease in the frequency of various types of agent or strategies
* '''Selection''', processes that lead to an increase or decrease in the frequency of various types of agent or strategies
* '''选择 Selection'''：导致各种类型的代理或策略发生频率增加或减少的过程；
* '''选择 Selection'''：导致各种类型的个体或策略发生频率增加或减少的过程；
* '''Success criteria''' or '''performance measures''', a "score" used by an agent or designer in attributing credit in the selection of relatively successful (or unsuccessful) strategies or agents
* '''Success criteria''' or '''performance measures''', a "score" used by an agent or designer in attributing credit in the selection of relatively successful (or unsuccessful) strategies or agents
* '''成功标准 Success criteria''' 或 '''评价指标 Performance measures'''：指评价代理或设计者在选择相对成功（或不成功）的策略或代理时的“分数”。
* '''成功标准 Success criteria''' 或 '''评价指标 Performance measures'''：指评价个体或设计者在选择相对成功（或不成功）的策略或个体时的“分数”。
* '''Systems have a history:''' The future behavior of a system depends on its initial starting point and subsequent history.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
* '''Systems have a history:''' The future behavior of a system depends on its initial starting point and subsequent history.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
* '''系统具有历史记录 Systems have a history'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续历史记录；
* '''系统具有历史 Systems have a history'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续的历史；
* '''Non-linearity:''' React disproportionately to environmental perturbations. Outcomes differ from those of simple systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
* '''Non-linearity:''' React disproportionately to environmental perturbations. Outcomes differ from those of simple systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
* '''Emergence:''' Each system's internal dynamics affect its ability to change in a manner that might be quite different from other systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Emergence:''' Each system's internal dynamics affect its ability to change in a manner that might be quite different from other systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''涌现 Emergence'''：每个系统内部动态影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；
* '''涌现 Emergence'''：每个系统内部动力学影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；
* '''Irreducible:''' Irreversible process transformations cannot be reduced back to its original state.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''Irreducible:''' Irreversible process transformations cannot be reduced back to its original state.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''Adaptive/Adaptability:''' Systems that are simultaneously ordered and disordered are more adaptable and resilient.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Adaptive/Adaptability:''' Systems that are simultaneously ordered and disordered are more adaptable and resilient.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''适应性/适应性 Adaptive/Adaptability'''：同时有序和无序的系统更具适应性和弹性；
* '''适应性/适应能力 Adaptive/Adaptability'''：同时处于有序和无序状态的系统更具适应性和恢复力；
* '''Operates between order and chaos:''' Adaptive tension emerges from the energy differential between the system and its environment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''Operates between order and chaos:''' Adaptive tension emerges from the energy differential between the system and its environment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
* '''在有序和无序之间运行 Operates between order and chaos'''：自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的；
* '''在有序和混沌之间运行 Operates between order and chaos'''：自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的；
* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组件以及系统的多样性组成。
* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组成部分以及系统的多样性组成。
== 系统的建模与仿真 Modeling and simulation ==
== 系统的建模与仿真 Modeling and simulation ==
If this were generally true, evolution would possess an active trend towards complexity. As shown below, in this type of process the value of the most common amount of complexity would increase over time. Indeed, some artificial life simulations have suggested that the generation of CAS is an inescapable feature of evolution.
If this were generally true, evolution would possess an active trend towards complexity. As shown below, in this type of process the value of the most common amount of complexity would increase over time. Indeed, some artificial life simulations have suggested that the generation of CAS is an inescapable feature of evolution.
假设这种说法是普遍正确的，那么进化就会朝着复杂的方向发展。如下所示，在这类过程中，最常见的复杂性程度会随着时间的推移而增加。而事实上，一些人工生命模拟已经表明，CAS的产生是进化过程中不可避免的特征。
In this hypothesis, the apparent trend towards more complex organisms is an illusion resulting from concentrating on the small number of large, very complex organisms that inhabit the right-hand tail of the complexity distribution and ignoring simpler and much more common organisms. This passive model emphasizes that the overwhelming majority of species are microscopic prokaryotes, which comprise about half the world's biomass and constitute the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity. Therefore, simple life remains dominant on Earth, and complex life appears more diverse only because of sampling bias.
In this hypothesis, the apparent trend towards more complex organisms is an illusion resulting from concentrating on the small number of large, very complex organisms that inhabit the right-hand tail of the complexity distribution and ignoring simpler and much more common organisms. This passive model emphasizes that the overwhelming majority of species are microscopic prokaryotes, which comprise about half the world's biomass and constitute the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity. Therefore, simple life remains dominant on Earth, and complex life appears more diverse only because of sampling bias.
在这一假设中，向更复杂的生物体发展的明显趋势是一种错觉，因为它只注意到了居住在复杂性分布的右端的少数大型、非常复杂的生物体，而忽略了更简单和更普通的生物体。这个被动模型强调，绝大多数物种是微小的原核生物，它们构成了世界生物量的一半，构成了地球生物多样性的绝大多数。因此，简单生命在地球上仍然占主导地位，而复杂生命仅仅因为抽样的偏差而显得更加多样化。