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A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior. In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts, and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.  

A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior. In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts, and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.  

'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统单个组成单元的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异构代理]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]] Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统单个组成单元的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异质主体]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]] Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集  复杂适应系统类属于非线性动力系统

 

   --[[用户:Yillia Jing|Yillia Jing]]（[[用户讨论:Yillia Jing|讨论]]）Heterogeneous agents翻译修改成了“异质主体"

 

They are ''[[complex system|complex]]'' in that they are [[Dynamic network analysis|dynamic networks of interactions]], and their relationships are not aggregations of the individual static entities, i.e., the behavior of the ensemble is not predicted by the behavior of the components.  They are ''[[adaptive]]'' in that the individual and [[collective behavior]] mutate and [[self-organizing|self-organize]] corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> They are a "complex macroscopic collection" of relatively "similar and partially connected micro-structures" formed in order to [[Adaptive system|adapt]] to the changing environment and increase their survivability as a [[macrostructure (sociology)|macro-structure]].<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name=CAS-T-12/> The Complex Adaptive Systems approach builds on [[replicator dynamics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=John  |date=2006 |title=Why is economics not a complex systems science? |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9953/econ_dp_336_04.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Issues |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1069-1091 |doi=10.1080/00213624.2006.11506975 |access-date=2020-01-18 }}</ref>

They are ''[[complex system|complex]]'' in that they are [[Dynamic network analysis|dynamic networks of interactions]], and their relationships are not aggregations of the individual static entities, i.e., the behavior of the ensemble is not predicted by the behavior of the components.  They are ''[[adaptive]]'' in that the individual and [[collective behavior]] mutate and [[self-organizing|self-organize]] corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> They are a "complex macroscopic collection" of relatively "similar and partially connected micro-structures" formed in order to [[Adaptive system|adapt]] to the changing environment and increase their survivability as a [[macrostructure (sociology)|macro-structure]].<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name=CAS-T-12/> The Complex Adaptive Systems approach builds on [[replicator dynamics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=John  |date=2006 |title=Why is economics not a complex systems science? |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9953/econ_dp_336_04.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Issues |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1069-1091 |doi=10.1080/00213624.2006.11506975 |access-date=2020-01-18 }}</ref>