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第397行：
第397行： + + 第402行：
第404行： − 系统建模是工程学和社会科学的基本原理。该系统是所关注实体的代表。因此，对系统上下文的包含或排除取决于建模者的意图。+ − − 第410行：
第410行： − 一个系统的任何模型都不会包括真正关注系统的所有特征，一个系统的任何模型都不必包括属于真正关注系统的所有实体。 + − ===信息和电脑科学方面 In information and computer science===+ 第420行：
第420行： − 在计算机科学和信息科学中，系统是以组件为结构，以可观察的进程间通信为行为的硬件系统、软件系统或组合。再举一个例子来说明: 有计算系统，如罗马数字，和各种系统归档文件，或目录，以及各种图书馆系统，其中杜威十进制图书分类法图书馆就是一个例子。这仍然符合连接在一起的组件的定义(在这种情况下是为了方便信息流)。+ − − 第428行：
第426行： − 系统也可以指一个框架，也就是平台，无论是软件还是硬件，设计用来允许软件程序运行。组件或系统中的缺陷可能导致组件本身或整个系统无法执行其所需功能，例如不正确的语句或数据定义 + − + − ===工程和物理方面 In engineering and physics=== 第438行：
第435行： − 在工程学和物理学中，物理系统是正在研究的宇宙的一部分(热力学系统就是一个主要的例子)。工程学还有一个系统的概念，涉及到复杂项目的所有部分和部分之间的交互。系统工程是工程学的一个分支，研究如何规划、设计、实现、构建和维护这种类型的系统。预期的结果是指在特定条件下，部件或系统的规范或其他来源所预测的行为。 + + − ===社会科学、认知科学及管理研究方面 In social and cognitive sciences and management research=== 第448行：
第445行： − 社会和认知科学认可人类模型和人类社会中的系统。它们包括人类的大脑功能和心理过程，以及规范伦理学系统和社会/文化行为模式。+ − − 第456行：
第451行： − 在管理科学、运筹学和组织发展学中，人类组织被看作是子系统或系统集合体等相互作用的组成部分的系统(概念系统) ，是众多复杂业务流程(组织行为)和组织结构的载体。组织发展理论家彼得 · 森吉在他的《第五纪律》一书中提出了组织作为系统的概念。+ − 第464行：
第458行： − 系统思考是一种思考/推理和解决问题的方式。它从识别给定问题中的系统属性开始。它可以是一种领导能力。有些人可以放眼全球，同时在当地采取行动。这些人考虑他们的决定对大系统的其他部分的潜在后果。这也是心理学系统辅导的基础。+ − − − − 组织理论家，如 Margaret Wheatley，也描述了组织系统在新的隐喻背景下的工作，如量子物理学，混沌理论，系统的自我组织。 第478行：
第468行： + 第483行：
第474行： − − 还有一种东西叫做逻辑系统。最明显的例子就是莱布尼茨和艾萨克 · 牛顿同时开发的微积分。另一个例子是 George Boole 的布尔运算符。其他的例子特别与哲学、生物学或认知科学有关。马斯洛的需求层次理论通过使用纯逻辑将心理学应用于生物学。许多心理学家，包括卡尔 · 荣格和西格蒙德 · 弗洛伊德，已经开发出一套系统，可以逻辑地组织心理学领域，比如人格、动机、智力和欲望。这些领域通常由一般范畴组成，这些范畴遵循一个推论，如定理。逻辑被应用于分类、本体、评估和层次结构等类别。 第513行：
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→系统概念的应用 Application of the system concept
==系统概念的应用 Application of the system concept==
==系统概念的应用 Application of the system concept==
系统建模是工程学和社会科学的基本原理。该系统是所关注实体的呈现。所以对系统上下文的包含或排除取决于建模者的意图。
Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.
Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.
Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.
Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.
任何模型都无法包括所关注现实系统的所有特征，也不必包括属于所关注现实系统的所有实体。
No model of a system will include all features of the real system of concern, and no model of a system must include all entities belonging to a real system of concern.
No model of a system will include all features of the real system of concern, and no model of a system must include all entities belonging to a real system of concern.
No model of a system will include all features of the real system of concern, and no model of a system must include all entities belonging to a real system of concern.
No model of a system will include all features of the real system of concern, and no model of a system must include all entities belonging to a real system of concern.
===信息和电脑科学方面 In information and computer science===
在[[计算机科学]]和[[信息科学]]中，“系统”是以[[组件]]为结构，以可观察的[[进程间通信]]为活动的硬件系统、[[软件系统]]或组合。再举一些例子: 计算系统（如[[罗马数字]]）、各种系统归档文件、分类目录、各种图书馆系统（例如[[杜威十进制图书分类法]]）。这仍然符合组件组合连接的定义(以利信息流)。
In [[computer science]] and [[information science]], '''system''' is a hardware system, [[software system]], or combination, which has [[Component (UML)|components]] as its structure and observable [[inter-process communication]]s as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with [[Roman numerals]], and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).
In [[computer science]] and [[information science]], '''system''' is a hardware system, [[software system]], or combination, which has [[Component (UML)|components]] as its structure and observable [[inter-process communication]]s as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with [[Roman numerals]], and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).
In computer science and information science, system is a hardware system, software system, or combination, which has components as its structure and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal Classification is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).
In computer science and information science, system is a hardware system, software system, or combination, which has components as its structure and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal Classification is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).
系统也可以指一个框架，即[[平台]]，是设计用来允许软件程序运行的软件或硬件。组件或系统中的缺陷可能导致组件本身或整个系统无法执行其设计功能，例如错误的陈述或数据定义。
System can also refer to a framework, aka [[platform (computing)|platform]], be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect [[Statement (computer science)|statement]] or [[Data definition language|data definition]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://glossar.german-testing-board.info/|title=ISTQB Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
System can also refer to a framework, aka [[platform (computing)|platform]], be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect [[Statement (computer science)|statement]] or [[Data definition language|data definition]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://glossar.german-testing-board.info/|title=ISTQB Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
System can also refer to a framework, aka platform, be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect statement or data definition
System can also refer to a framework, aka platform, be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect statement or data definition
===工程和物理方面 In engineering and physics===
在[[工程学]]和[[物理学]]中，物理系统描述正在被研究的宇宙的一部分(例如[[热力学系统]])。工程学也有系统的概念，涉及到复杂项目的所有部分和部分之间的交互。系统工程是工程学的一个分支，研究如何规划、设计、实现、构建和维护这类的系统。预期[[结果]]是指以规格、特定条件<ref name=":0" />下的部件或系统、或其他渠道所预期的系统活动。
In [[engineering]] and [[physics]], a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a [[thermodynamic system]] is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. [[Systems engineering]] is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected [[result]] is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.<ref name=":0" />
In [[engineering]] and [[physics]], a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a [[thermodynamic system]] is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. [[Systems engineering]] is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected [[result]] is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.<ref name=":0" />
In engineering and physics, a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a thermodynamic system is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. Systems engineering is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected result is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.
In engineering and physics, a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a thermodynamic system is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. Systems engineering is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected result is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.
===社会科学、认知科学及管理研究方面 In social and cognitive sciences and management research===
社会科学和[[认知科学]]识别人类模型和人类社会中的系统，主要有人类的大脑功能、心理过程，以及规范伦理学系统和社会/文化行为模式。
Social and [[cognitive science]]s recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.
Social and [[cognitive science]]s recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.
Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.
Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.
[[管理科学]]、[[运筹学]]和[[组织发展学]]（OD）把人类组织视为子系统或系统集合体等互动组件的'''系统'''(概念系统) ，该系统是众多复杂[[业务流程]]([[组织行为]])和组织结构的载体。组织发展理论家[[Peter Senge]]在他的《第五纪律》一书中提出了组织作为系统的概念。
In [[management science]], [[operations research]] and [[organizational development]] (OD), human organizations are viewed as '''systems''' (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex [[business processes]] ([[organizational behavior]]s) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist [[Peter Senge]] developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book ''The Fifth Discipline''.
In [[management science]], [[operations research]] and [[organizational development]] (OD), human organizations are viewed as '''systems''' (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex [[business processes]] ([[organizational behavior]]s) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist [[Peter Senge]] developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book ''The Fifth Discipline''.
In management science, operations research and organizational development (OD), human organizations are viewed as systems (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex business processes (organizational behaviors) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist Peter Senge developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book The Fifth Discipline.
In management science, operations research and organizational development (OD), human organizations are viewed as systems (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex business processes (organizational behaviors) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist Peter Senge developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book The Fifth Discipline.
[[系统思考]]是一种思考/[[推理]]和解决问题的方式。它以识别给定问题中的系统属性为始。它可以是一种领导能力。有些人可以“放眼全球的同时，在当地采取行动”。这些人考虑他们的决定对大系统的其他部分的潜在后果。这也是心理学上系统辅导的基础。
Systems thinking is a style of thinking/reasoning and problem solving. It starts from the recognition of system properties in a given problem. It can be a leadership competency. Some people can think globally while acting locally. Such people consider the potential consequences of their decisions on other parts of larger systems. This is also a basis of systemic coaching in psychology.
Systems thinking is a style of thinking/reasoning and problem solving. It starts from the recognition of system properties in a given problem. It can be a leadership competency. Some people can think globally while acting locally. Such people consider the potential consequences of their decisions on other parts of larger systems. This is also a basis of systemic coaching in psychology.
[[组织研究|组织理论家]]，如[[Margaret Wheatley]]，也描述了在新的隐喻背景下组织系统的工作，如[[量子物理学]]，[[混沌理论]]，[[自组织系统|系统的自组织]]。
[[Organizational studies|Organizational theorists]] such as [[Margaret Wheatley]] have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as [[quantum physics]], [[chaos theory]], and the [[self-organizing systems|self-organization of systems]].
[[Organizational studies|Organizational theorists]] such as [[Margaret Wheatley]] have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as [[quantum physics]], [[chaos theory]], and the [[self-organizing systems|self-organization of systems]].
Organizational theorists such as Margaret Wheatley have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as quantum physics, chaos theory, and the self-organization of systems.
Organizational theorists such as Margaret Wheatley have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as quantum physics, chaos theory, and the self-organization of systems.
===纯粹逻辑系统 Pure logical systems===
===纯粹逻辑系统 Pure logical systems===
还有所谓逻辑系统。最显著的例子是[[Leibniz]]和[[Isaac Newton]]同时开发的微积分。另一个例子是[[George Boole]]的布尔运算符。其他的例子特别与哲学、生物学或认知科学有关。[[Maslow的需求层次理论]]以纯粹逻辑将心理学应用于生物学。许多心理学家，包括[[Carl Jung]]和[[Sigmund Freud]]，已经开发出一套系统，可以逻辑地组织心理学定义域，比如人格、动机、智力和欲望。这些定义域通常由一般范畴组成，这些范畴遵循一个[[推论]]，例如[[定理]]。逻辑应用于[[分类学]]、[[本体论]]、[[教育评估|评估]]和[[层次]]等类别。
There is also such a thing as a logical system. The most obvious example is the calculus developed simultaneously by Leibniz and Isaac Newton. Another example is George Boole's Boolean operators. Other examples have related specifically to philosophy, biology, or cognitive science. Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies psychology to biology by using pure logic. Numerous psychologists, including Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud have developed systems which logically organize psychological domains, such as personalities, motivations, or intellect and desire. Often these domains consist of general categories following a corollary such as a theorem. Logic has been applied to categories such as taxonomy, ontology, assessment, and hierarchies.
There is also such a thing as a logical system. The most obvious example is the calculus developed simultaneously by Leibniz and Isaac Newton. Another example is George Boole's Boolean operators. Other examples have related specifically to philosophy, biology, or cognitive science. Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies psychology to biology by using pure logic. Numerous psychologists, including Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud have developed systems which logically organize psychological domains, such as personalities, motivations, or intellect and desire. Often these domains consist of general categories following a corollary such as a theorem. Logic has been applied to categories such as taxonomy, ontology, assessment, and hierarchies.
20世纪90年代末，华登将他的模型应用于商业战略。
20世纪90年代末，华登将他的模型应用于商业战略。
==参见 See also==
==参见 See also==