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第1,169行：
第1,169行： − 第一个把热转化为机械功的理论是在1824年由尼古拉·莱昂纳尔·萨迪·卡诺提出的。他是第一个正确认识到这种转换的效率取决于发动机和环境之间的温差。+ 第1,179行：
第1,179行： − 认识到詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳在能量守恒方面工作的重要性，Rudolf Clausius 在1850年第一个提出了第二定律: 热不会自发地从冷物体流向热物体。虽然现在的常识是，这与当时流行的热量理论相反，热量理论认为热量是一种流体。从那里他能够推断出萨迪卡诺定律和熵的定义(1865年)。+ 第1,189行：
第1,189行： − 建立于19世纪的开尔文-普朗克第二定律(Kelvin-Planck)说，“任何循环运行的设备都不可能从单个蓄热体接收热量，并产生净功。”这被证明相当于克劳修斯的陈述。+ 第1,436行：
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→History
The first theory of the conversion of heat into mechanical work is due to Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. He was the first to realize correctly that the efficiency of this conversion depends on the difference of temperature between an engine and its environment.
The first theory of the conversion of heat into mechanical work is due to Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. He was the first to realize correctly that the efficiency of this conversion depends on the difference of temperature between an engine and its environment.
首先提出类热转化为机械功的理论。他正确认识到了转换效率取决于发动机和环境之间的温差。
Recognizing the significance of James Prescott Joule's work on the conservation of energy, Rudolf Clausius was the first to formulate the second law during 1850, in this form: heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot bodies. While common knowledge now, this was contrary to the caloric theory of heat popular at the time, which considered heat as a fluid. From there he was able to infer the principle of Sadi Carnot and the definition of entropy (1865).
Recognizing the significance of James Prescott Joule's work on the conservation of energy, Rudolf Clausius was the first to formulate the second law during 1850, in this form: heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot bodies. While common knowledge now, this was contrary to the caloric theory of heat popular at the time, which considered heat as a fluid. From there he was able to infer the principle of Sadi Carnot and the definition of entropy (1865).
克劳修斯Rudolf Clausius 认识到詹姆斯•普雷斯科特•焦耳James Prescott Joule在能量守恒方面工作的重要性后，在1850年第一个提出了第二定律: 热不会自发地从冷物体流向热物体。虽然现在的常识是这样的，但是这与当时流行的热量理论相反，当时的热量理论认为热量是一种流体。从这些他能够推断出萨迪卡诺定律the principle of Sadi Carnot和熵的定义(1865年)。
Established during the 19th century, the Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law says, "It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work." This was shown to be equivalent to the statement of Clausius.
Established during the 19th century, the Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law says, "It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work." This was shown to be equivalent to the statement of Clausius.
19世纪提出的开尔文-普朗克第二定律(Kelvin-Planck)表示：“任何循环运行的设备都不可能从单个蓄热体接收热量并产生净功。”这被证明相当于克劳修斯的陈述。
这里的数学 s / math 是熵流进入系统，与物质流进入系统有关。它不应该与熵的时间导数混淆。如果物质在几个地方提供，我们必须取这些贡献的代数和。
这里的数学 s / math 是熵流进入系统，与物质流进入系统有关。它不应该与熵的时间导数混淆。如果物质在几个地方提供，我们必须取这些贡献的代数和。
==Statistical mechanics==
==Statistical mechanics==