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第9行：
第9行： − 非平衡态热力学热力学是热力学的一个分支，研究的物理系统不在热力学平衡中，但可以用变量(非平衡态变量)来描述，这些变量代表用来指定热力学平衡系统的变量的外推。非平衡态热力学与输运过程和化学反应速率有关。它依赖于被认为是或多或少接近热力学平衡的东西。+ 第17行：
第17行： − 几乎所有在自然界中发现的系统都不是在热力学平衡中，因为它们正在变化或者可以随着时间而被触发变化，并且不断不断地受制于物质和能量的流动，这些物质和能量来自其他系统和化学反应。然而，某些系统和进程在某种意义上是有用的，它们接近于热力学平衡，足以允许目前已知的非平衡态热力学对其进行有用的精确描述。然而，由于非变分动力学的存在，许多自然系统和过程总是远远超出非平衡热力学方法的范围，自由能的概念丢失了。+ 第25行：
第25行： − 非平衡体系的热力学研究比平衡态热力学研究需要更多的一般概念。平衡态热力学和非平衡态热力学之间的一个根本区别在于非均匀系统的行为，这就要求他们研究在均匀系统的平衡态热力学中没有考虑的反应速率的知识。下面将讨论这一点。另一个基本的和非常重要的区别是，在一般情况下，难以或不可能用宏观条件来定义非热力学平衡的系统在瞬间的熵; 它可以做到，有用的近似，只有在精心选择的特殊情况下，即那些在整个局部热力学平衡。+
无编辑摘要
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. It relies on what may be thought of as more or less nearness to thermodynamic equilibrium.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. It relies on what may be thought of as more or less nearness to thermodynamic equilibrium.
非平衡态热力学是热力学的一个分支，研究某些不处于热力学平衡中的物理系统。但是这些系统可以用一些变量(非平衡态变量)来描述，这些变量来源于用来描述热力学平衡系统的变量的外推。非平衡态热力学与输运过程和化学反应速率相关。它依赖于被认为是或多或少接近热力学平衡的东西。
Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods due to the existence of non variational dynamics, where the concept of free energy is lost.
Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods due to the existence of non variational dynamics, where the concept of free energy is lost.
几乎所有在自然界中发现的系统都不是在热力学平衡中，因为它们正在随着时间变化或者可以被触发而发生变化，并且不断地和其他系统交换物质和能量以及参与化学反应。然而，某些系统和过程在某种可采用的意义上足够接近于热力学平衡，允许目前已知的非平衡态热力学对其进行有用的精确描述。然而，许多自然系统和过程由于非变分动力学的存在，使得自由能的概念不存在，因此总是远远超出非平衡热力学方法的范围。
The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining entropy at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium.
The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining entropy at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium.
非平衡体系的热力学研究比平衡态热力学研究需要更普适的概念。非平衡态热力学和平衡态热力学之间的一个根本区别在于非均匀系统的行为，这就要求他们研究反应速率的知识，而这一点在均匀系统的平衡态热力学中没有考虑，下面将讨论这一点。另一个基本的和非常重要的区别是，在一般情况下，难以或不可能用宏观量来定义非热力学平衡系统在瞬时的熵; 只有在某些精心选择的特殊情况下加入一些有用的近似才能定义熵，即局部热力学平衡。