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第35行：
第35行： − + 第41行：
第41行： − 一个深刻的区别将平衡和非平衡态热力学分离开来。平衡态热力学忽略了物理过程的时间过程。相比之下，非平衡态热力学试图不断详细地描述他们的时间过程。+ 第47行：
第47行： − + − 平衡态热力学把它的考虑局限于具有热力学平衡初始和终止状态的过程，过程的时间过程被故意忽略。因此，平衡态热力学允许过程通过远离热力学平衡的状态，这些过程甚至不能用非平衡态热力学所允许的变量来描述，比如温度和压力的时间变化率。例如，在平衡态热力学中，一个过程甚至可以包括一个非平衡态热力学无法描述的剧烈爆炸。这是一个微分几何的练习，而不是一个可能在现实中发生的过程。+ 第57行：
第57行： − 另一方面，非平衡态热力学，试图描述连续的时间过程，需要它的状态变量与平衡态热力学的状态变量有非常密切的联系。这深刻地限制了非平衡态热力学的范围，并对其概念框架安全部门提出了沉重的要求。+ − −
→Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics
===Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics===
===Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics===
平衡态热力学和非平衡态热力学的区别
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
平衡态热力学和非平衡态热力学之间存在一个深刻的区别。平衡态热力学忽略了物理过程的时间进程。反之，非平衡态热力学试图不断详细地描述物理过程的时间进程。
Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics,<ref name="EY 5">[[Elliott H. Lieb|Lieb, E.H.]], [[Jakob Yngvason|Yngvason, J.]] (1999), p. 5.</ref> such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure.<ref>Gyarmati, I. (1967/1970), pp. 8–12.</ref> For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics.<ref name="EY 5"/> Equilibrium thermodynamics does, however, for theoretical development, use the idealized concept of the "quasi-static process". A quasi-static process is a conceptual (timeless and physically impossible) smooth mathematical passage along a continuous path of states of thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref>[[Herbert Callen|Callen, H.B.]] (1960/1985), § 4–2.</ref> It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.
Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics,<ref name="EY 5">[[Elliott H. Lieb|Lieb, E.H.]], [[Jakob Yngvason|Yngvason, J.]] (1999), p. 5.</ref> such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure.<ref>Gyarmati, I. (1967/1970), pp. 8–12.</ref> For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics.<ref name="EY 5"/> Equilibrium thermodynamics does, however, for theoretical development, use the idealized concept of the "quasi-static process". A quasi-static process is a conceptual (timeless and physically impossible) smooth mathematical passage along a continuous path of states of thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref>[[Herbert Callen|Callen, H.B.]] (1960/1985), § 4–2.</ref> It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.
Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.
Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics does, however, for theoretical development, use the idealized concept of the "quasi-static process". A quasi-static process is a conceptual (timeless and physically impossible) smooth mathematical passage along a continuous path of states of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.
平衡态热力学把它的研究范围局限于具有热力学平衡的初态和末态的过程，过程的时间进程被有意地忽略。因此，平衡态热力学允许物理过程经历过远离热力学平衡的状态，这些状态甚至不能用非平衡态热力学所允许的变量来描述，比如温度和压力的时间变化率。例如在平衡态热力学中，一个过程甚至可以包括一个非平衡态热力学无法描述的剧烈爆炸。然而，为了理论发展，平衡态热力学使用了“准静态过程”的理想化概念。准静态过程是一种概念上(永恒的、物理上不可能的)沿着热力学平衡状态连续路径的平滑数学过程。它是微分几何的练习，而不是现实中可能发生的过程。
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, on the other hand, attempting to describe continuous time-courses, needs its state variables to have a very close connection with those of equilibrium thermodynamics. This profoundly restricts the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and places heavy demands on its conceptual framework.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, on the other hand, attempting to describe continuous time-courses, needs its state variables to have a very close connection with those of equilibrium thermodynamics. This profoundly restricts the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and places heavy demands on its conceptual framework.
另一方面，非平衡态热力学试图描述连续的时间过程，这需要它的状态变量与平衡态热力学的状态变量之间有非常密切的联系。这深刻地限制了非平衡态热力学的范围，并对其概念框架提出了严格的要求。
===Non-equilibrium state variables===
===Non-equilibrium state variables===