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Some concepts of particular importance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics include time rate of dissipation of energy (Rayleigh 1873, Onsager 1931, also), time rate of entropy production (Onsager 1931), dissipative structure, and non-linear dynamical structure.

Some concepts of particular importance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics include time rate of dissipation of energy (Rayleigh 1873, Onsager 1931, also), time rate of entropy production (Onsager 1931), dissipative structure, and non-linear dynamical structure.

一些对非平衡态热力学特别重要的概念包括能量耗散的时间速率(Rayleigh 1873，Onsager 1931，也) ，产生熵的时间速率(Onsager 1931) ，耗散结构和非线性动力结构。

非平衡态热力学中一些特别重要的概念包括能量耗散的时间速率(Rayleigh 1873，Onsager 1931)，熵产生速率(Onsager 1931)，耗散结构和非线性动力结构。

One problem of interest is the thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium steady states, in which entropy production and some flows are non-zero, but there is no time variation of physical variables.

One problem of interest is the thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium steady states, in which entropy production and some flows are non-zero, but there is no time variation of physical variables.

One initial approach to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is sometimes called 'classical irreversible thermodynamics'.<ref name="Lebon Jou Casas-Vázquez 2008"/> There are other approaches to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, for example [[extended irreversible thermodynamics]],<ref name="Lebon Jou Casas-Vázquez 2008"/><ref name="JCVL 1993"/> and generalized thermodynamics,<ref>Eu, B.C. (2002).</ref> but they are hardly touched on in the present article.

One initial approach to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is sometimes called 'classical irreversible thermodynamics'.<ref name="Lebon Jou Casas-Vázquez 2008"/> There are other approaches to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, for example [[extended irreversible thermodynamics]],<ref name="Lebon Jou Casas-Vázquez 2008"/><ref name="JCVL 1993"/> and generalized thermodynamics,<ref>Eu, B.C. (2002).</ref> but they are hardly touched on in the present article.

One initial approach to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is sometimes called 'classical irreversible thermodynamics'. but they are hardly touched on in the present article.

One initial approach to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is sometimes called 'classical irreversible thermodynamics'. There are other approaches to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, for example extended irreversible thermodynamics, and generalized thermodynamics, but they are hardly touched on in the present article.

===Quasi-radiationless non-equilibrium thermodynamics of matter in laboratory conditions===

===Quasi-radiationless non-equilibrium thermodynamics of matter in laboratory conditions===

According to Wildt<ref name="Wildt 1972">{{Cite journal |last=Wildt |first=R. |year=1972 |title=Thermodynamics of the gray atmosphere. IV. Entropy transfer and production |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=174 |issue= |pages=69–77 |doi=10.1086/151469 |bibcode=1972ApJ...174...69W}}</ref> (see also Essex<ref name="Essex 1984a">{{Cite journal |last=Essex |first=C. |year=1984a |title=Radiation and the irreversible thermodynamics of climate |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1985–1991 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1985:RATITO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1984JAtS...41.1985E |doi-access=free }}.</ref><ref name="Essex 1984b">{{Cite journal |last=Essex |first=C. |year=1984b |title=Minimum entropy production in the steady state and radiative transfer |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=285 |issue= |pages=279–293 |doi=10.1086/162504 |bibcode=1984ApJ...285..279E}}</ref><ref name="Essex 1984c">{{Cite journal |last=Essex |first=C. |year=1984c |title=Radiation and the violation of bilinearity in the irreversible thermodynamics of irreversible processes |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=32 |pages=1035–1043 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(84)90060-6 |bibcode = 1984P&SS...32.1035E |issue=8 }}</ref>), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, thermal radiation is weak and can be practically nearly ignored. But, for example, atmospheric physics is concerned with large amounts of matter, occupying cubic kilometers, that, taken as a whole, are not within the range of laboratory quantities; then thermal radiation cannot be ignored.

According to Wildt<ref name="Wildt 1972">{{Cite journal |last=Wildt |first=R. |year=1972 |title=Thermodynamics of the gray atmosphere. IV. Entropy transfer and production |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=174 |issue= |pages=69–77 |doi=10.1086/151469 |bibcode=1972ApJ...174...69W}}</ref> (see also Essex<ref name="Essex 1984a">{{Cite journal |last=Essex |first=C. |year=1984a |title=Radiation and the irreversible thermodynamics of climate |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1985–1991 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1985:RATITO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1984JAtS...41.1985E |doi-access=free }}.</ref><ref name="Essex 1984b">{{Cite journal |last=Essex |first=C. |year=1984b |title=Minimum entropy production in the steady state and radiative transfer |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=285 |issue= |pages=279–293 |doi=10.1086/162504 |bibcode=1984ApJ...285..279E}}</ref><ref name="Essex 1984c">{{Cite journal |last=Essex |first=C. |year=1984c |title=Radiation and the violation of bilinearity in the irreversible thermodynamics of irreversible processes |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=32 |pages=1035–1043 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(84)90060-6 |bibcode = 1984P&SS...32.1035E |issue=8 }}</ref>), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, thermal radiation is weak and can be practically nearly ignored. But, for example, atmospheric physics is concerned with large amounts of matter, occupying cubic kilometers, that, taken as a whole, are not within the range of laboratory quantities; then thermal radiation cannot be ignored.

According to Wildt (see also Essex), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, thermal radiation is weak and can be practically nearly ignored. But, for example, atmospheric physics is concerned with large amounts of matter, occupying cubic kilometers, that, taken as a whole, are not within the range of laboratory quantities; then thermal radiation cannot be ignored.

According to Wildt (see also Essex), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, thermal radiation is weak and can be practically nearly ignored. But, for example, atmospheric physics is concerned with large amounts of matter, occupying cubic kilometers, that, taken as a whole, are not within the range of laboratory quantities; then thermal radiation cannot be ignored.

根据 Wildt 的说法，当前版本的非平衡态热力学星云忽略了辐射热; 它们之所以能做到这一点，是因为它们指的是实验室条件下的物质数量，而实验室条件下的物质温度远低于恒星的温度。在实验室温度下，在实验室数量的物质中，热辐射很弱，几乎可以忽略不计。但是，例如，大气物理学关注的是占据立方公里的大量物质，作为一个整体，不在实验室数量的范围内; 那么热辐射就不能被忽视。

根据 Wildt （同时参考 Essex）的说法，当前版本的非平衡态热力学忽略了辐射热; 他们之所以可以这样做，是因为他们参照的是实验室条件下的物质数量，而实验室条件下的物质温度远低于恒星的温度。在实验室温度下，在实验室数量的物质中，热辐射很弱几乎可以忽略不计。但是，例如大气物理学关注的是占据立方公里的大量物质，它们作为一个整体，不在实验室数量的范围内，那么热辐射就不能被忽视。

形式主义非常适合于描述高频过程和小尺度材料。

形式主义非常适合于描述高频过程和小尺度材料。

==Basic concepts==

==Basic concepts==