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第253行：
第253行： − + 第260行：
第260行： − 在热力学中，人们经常对一个过程的定态感兴趣，允许系统状态的定态包括不可预测和实验上不可重复的涨落的发生。波动是由于系统的内部子过程和物质或能量与系统周围环境的交换所造成的，这些环境制约了这一过程。+ 第268行：
第268行： − 如果这个过程的定态是稳定的，那么不可复制的涨落就包含了局部瞬时的熵减。系统的可重复响应是通过不可逆过程将熵增加到最大值: 涨落不能以显著的概率水平再现。稳定定态的波动极小，除了临界点附近(Kondepudi 和 Prigogine 1998,323页)。稳定的定态有一个局部最大熵，是系统局部最可复制的状态。关于涨落的不可逆耗散有几个定理。这里“局部”是指相对于系统状态热力学坐标的抽象空间的局部。+ 第276行：
第276行： − 如果定态是不稳定的，那么任何波动几乎肯定会触发系统几乎爆炸性地偏离不稳定的定态。这可能伴随着熵输出的增加。+ − −
→Stationary states, fluctuations, and stability
==Stationary states, fluctuations, and stability==
==Stationary states, fluctuations, and stability==
定态、涨落和稳定性
In thermodynamics one is often interested in a stationary state of a process, allowing that the stationary state include the occurrence of unpredictable and experimentally unreproducible fluctuations in the state of the system. The fluctuations are due to the system's internal sub-processes and to exchange of matter or energy with the system's surroundings that create the constraints that define the process.
In thermodynamics one is often interested in a stationary state of a process, allowing that the stationary state include the occurrence of unpredictable and experimentally unreproducible fluctuations in the state of the system. The fluctuations are due to the system's internal sub-processes and to exchange of matter or energy with the system's surroundings that create the constraints that define the process.
在热力学中，人们经常对一个过程的定态感兴趣，允许系统状态的定态包括不可预测和实验上不可重复的涨落的发生。涨落是由于系统的内部子过程以及与系统周围环境交换物质或能量所造成的，周围环境给这一过程增添了限制。
If the stationary state of the process is stable, then the unreproducible fluctuations involve local transient decreases of entropy. The reproducible response of the system is then to increase the entropy back to its maximum by irreversible processes: the fluctuation cannot be reproduced with a significant level of probability. Fluctuations about stable stationary states are extremely small except near critical points (Kondepudi and Prigogine 1998, page 323). The stable stationary state has a local maximum of entropy and is locally the most reproducible state of the system. There are theorems about the irreversible dissipation of fluctuations. Here 'local' means local with respect to the abstract space of thermodynamic coordinates of state of the system.
If the stationary state of the process is stable, then the unreproducible fluctuations involve local transient decreases of entropy. The reproducible response of the system is then to increase the entropy back to its maximum by irreversible processes: the fluctuation cannot be reproduced with a significant level of probability. Fluctuations about stable stationary states are extremely small except near critical points (Kondepudi and Prigogine 1998, page 323). The stable stationary state has a local maximum of entropy and is locally the most reproducible state of the system. There are theorems about the irreversible dissipation of fluctuations. Here 'local' means local with respect to the abstract space of thermodynamic coordinates of state of the system.
如果这个过程的定态是稳定的，那么不可复制的涨落就包含了局部瞬时的熵减。然后系统的可重复响应是通过不可逆过程将熵重新增加到最大值: 涨落不可能以显著的概率再现。除了临界点附近，稳定定态的涨落极小(Kondepudi 和 Prigogine 1998,323页)。稳定的定态有一个局部最大熵，并且是系统局部最可再现的状态。关于涨落的不可逆耗散有几个定理。这里“局部”是指相对于系统状态热力学坐标的抽象空间的局部。
If the stationary state is unstable, then any fluctuation will almost surely trigger the virtually explosive departure of the system from the unstable stationary state. This can be accompanied by increased export of entropy.
If the stationary state is unstable, then any fluctuation will almost surely trigger the virtually explosive departure of the system from the unstable stationary state. This can be accompanied by increased export of entropy.
如果定态是不稳定的，那么任何涨落几乎肯定会触发系统几乎爆炸性地偏离不稳定的定态。这可能伴随着熵输出的增加。
==Local thermodynamic equilibrium==
==Local thermodynamic equilibrium==