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Until recently, prospects for useful extremal principles in this area have seemed clouded. Nicolis (1999) concludes that one model of atmospheric dynamics has an attractor which is not a regime of maximum or minimum dissipation; she says this seems to rule out the existence of a global organizing principle, and comments that this is to some extent disappointing; she also points to the difficulty of finding a thermodynamically consistent form of entropy production. Another top expert offers an extensive discussion of the possibilities for principles of extrema of entropy production and of dissipation of energy: Chapter 12 of Grandy (2008) is very cautious, and finds difficulty in defining the 'rate of internal entropy production' in many cases, and finds that sometimes for the prediction of the course of a process, an extremum of the quantity called the rate of dissipation of energy may be more useful than that of the rate of entropy production; this quantity appeared in Onsager's 1931 origination of this subject. Other writers have also felt that prospects for general global extremal principles are clouded. Such writers include Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971), Lebon, Jou and Casas-Vásquez (2008), and Šilhavý (1997).

Until recently, prospects for useful extremal principles in this area have seemed clouded. Nicolis (1999) concludes that one model of atmospheric dynamics has an attractor which is not a regime of maximum or minimum dissipation; she says this seems to rule out the existence of a global organizing principle, and comments that this is to some extent disappointing; she also points to the difficulty of finding a thermodynamically consistent form of entropy production. Another top expert offers an extensive discussion of the possibilities for principles of extrema of entropy production and of dissipation of energy: Chapter 12 of Grandy (2008) is very cautious, and finds difficulty in defining the 'rate of internal entropy production' in many cases, and finds that sometimes for the prediction of the course of a process, an extremum of the quantity called the rate of dissipation of energy may be more useful than that of the rate of entropy production; this quantity appeared in Onsager's 1931 origination of this subject. Other writers have also felt that prospects for general global extremal principles are clouded. Such writers include Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971), Lebon, Jou and Casas-Vásquez (2008), and Šilhavý (1997).

直到最近，这个领域中有用的极端原理的前景似乎还很模糊。Nicolis (1999)得出结论，大气动力学的一个模型有一个吸引子，它不是最大或最小耗散制度; 她说，这似乎排除了全球组织原则的存在，并评论说，这在某种程度上是令人失望的; 她还指出，很难找到一个热力学上一致的形式的产生熵。另一位顶级专家对产生熵极值原理和能量耗散原理的可能性进行了广泛的讨论: Grandy 的第12章(2008年)非常谨慎，在许多情况下难以定义内部产生熵的速率，并发现有时为了预测一个过程的进程，一个叫做能量耗散速率的极值可能比产生熵的速率更有用; 这个量出现在昂萨格尔1931年创立的这个主题中。其他作家也认为，一般的全球极端原则的前景是模糊的。这些作家包括格兰斯多夫和普里戈金(1971年)、莱邦、乔和卡萨斯-瓦斯奎斯(2008年) ，以及伊尔哈维(1997年)。

直到最近，这个领域中有用的极端原理的前景似乎还很模糊。Nicolis (1999)得出结论，大气动力学的一个模型有一个吸引子，它不是最大或最小耗散的范畴; 她说这似乎排除了全局组织原则的存在，并评论说，这在某种程度上是令人失望的; 她还指出，很难找到一个热力学上一致的形式的熵产生。另一位顶级专家对熵产生极值原理和能量耗散原理的可能性进行了广泛的讨论: Grandy (2008年)的第12章非常谨慎，发现在许多情况下难以定义“内部熵产生速率”，并发现有时为了预测一个过程的进程，一个叫做能量耗散速率的极值可能比熵产生的速率更有用; 这个量出现在昂萨格尔1931年创立的这个主题中。其他研究者也认为，一般的全局极值原理的前景是模糊的。这些作家包括格兰斯多夫和普里戈金(1971年)、莱邦、乔和卡萨斯-瓦斯奎斯(2008年) ，以及伊尔哈维(1997年)。

最近的一项提议或许可以绕过这些阴云密布的前景。

最近的一项提议或许可以绕过这些阴云密布的前景。

==Applications==

==Applications==