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2020年8月14日 (五) 00:16的版本

添加722字节 、 2020年8月14日 (五) 00:16
无编辑摘要
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[[File:Barabasi Albert model.gif|thumb|left|Evolution graph of a social network: [[Barabási–Albert model|Barabási model]].图一：一个社会网络的演化图：巴拉巴西模型。]]
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[[File:Barabasi Albert model.gif|thumb|left|图1：Evolution graph of a social network: [[Barabási–Albert model|Barabási model]].一个社会网络的演化图：巴拉巴西模型。]]
    
Barabási model.]]
 
Barabási model.]]
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[[File:Moreno Sociogram 2nd Grade.png|thumb|Moreno's sociogram of a 2nd grade class 图二：莫雷诺对一个二年级班级的社会关系图]]
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[[File:Moreno Sociogram 2nd Grade.png|thumb|图2：Moreno's sociogram of a 2nd grade class 莫雷诺对一个二年级班级的社会关系图]]
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[[File:Network self-organization stages.png|thumb|right|Self-organization of a network, based on Nagler, Levina, & Timme, (2011) 图三：基于Nagler, Levina和Timme的自组织网络，(2011)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nagler, Jan|author2=Anna Levina|author3=Marc Timme|year=2011|title=Impact of single links in competitive percolation|journal=Nature Physics|volume=7|issue=3|pages=265–270|doi=10.1038/nphys1860|arxiv=1103.0922|bibcode=2011NatPh...7..265N}}</ref>]]
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[[File:Network self-organization stages.png|thumb|right|图3：Self-organization of a network, based on Nagler, Levina, & Timme, (2011) 基于Nagler, Levina和Timme的自组织网络，(2011)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nagler, Jan|author2=Anna Levina|author3=Marc Timme|year=2011|title=Impact of single links in competitive percolation|journal=Nature Physics|volume=7|issue=3|pages=265–270|doi=10.1038/nphys1860|arxiv=1103.0922|bibcode=2011NatPh...7..265N}}</ref>]]
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[[File:Social Red.jpg|thumb|right|Social network diagram, meso-level 图四：中观层而社会网络图]]
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[[File:Social Red.jpg|thumb|right|图4：Social network diagram, meso-level 中观层面社会网络图]]
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[[File:Scale-free network sample.png|thumb|right|Examples of a random network and a scale-free network. Each graph has 32 nodes and 32 links. Note the "hubs" (shaded) in the scale-free diagram (on the right).图五：一个随机网络和一个无尺度网络的例子。每个图有32个顶点和32条边。注意无标度图中的“集线器”（阴影部分）（右侧）。]]
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[[File:Scale-free network sample.png|thumb|right|图5：Examples of a random network and a scale-free network. Each graph has 32 nodes and 32 links. Note the "hubs" (shaded) in the scale-free diagram (on the right).一个随机网络和一个无尺度网络的例子。每个图有32个顶点和32条边。注意无标度图中的“集线器”（阴影部分）（右侧）。]]
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[[File:Diagram of a social network.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram: section of a large-scale social network 图六: 一大型社会网络局部]]
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[[File:Diagram of a social network.jpg|thumb|right|图6: Diagram: section of a large-scale social network 一大型社会网络局部]]
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Complex networks: Most larger social networks display features of social complexity, which involves substantial non-trivial features of network topology, with patterns of complex connections between elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random (see, complexity science, dynamical system and chaos theory), as do biological, and technological networks. Such complex network features include a heavy tail in the degree distribution, a high clustering coefficient, assortativity or disassortativity among vertices, community structure (see stochastic block model), and hierarchical structure. In the case of agency-directed networks these features also include reciprocity, triad significance profile (TSP, see network motif), and other features. In contrast, many of the mathematical models of networks that have been studied in the past, such as lattices and random graphs, do not show these features.
 
Complex networks: Most larger social networks display features of social complexity, which involves substantial non-trivial features of network topology, with patterns of complex connections between elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random (see, complexity science, dynamical system and chaos theory), as do biological, and technological networks. Such complex network features include a heavy tail in the degree distribution, a high clustering coefficient, assortativity or disassortativity among vertices, community structure (see stochastic block model), and hierarchical structure. In the case of agency-directed networks these features also include reciprocity, triad significance profile (TSP, see network motif), and other features. In contrast, many of the mathematical models of networks that have been studied in the past, such as lattices and random graphs, do not show these features.
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复杂网络: 大多数较大的社会网络呈现出社会复杂性的特征，包括'''<font color="#ff8000">网络拓扑 Network Topology</font>'''的大量非平凡特征，以及既不完全规则也不完全随机的元素之间的复杂连接模式（见[[复杂性科学]]、[[动力系统]]和[[混沌理论]]），生物和技术网络也是如此。这些复杂的网络特征包括度分布的重尾、高集聚系数、顶点之间的'''<font color="#ff8000">同配性 Assortativity</font>'''或非同配性、社区结构（见'''<font color="#ff8000">随机分块模型 Stochastic Block Model</font>'''）和层次结构。在主体导向网络的情况下，这些特征还包括互惠性、三重显著性特征（TSP，见网络基序）及其他。相比之下，许多过去研究过的网络数学模型，如格和'''<font color="#ff8000">随机图 Random Graph</font>'''，并没有表现出这些特征。
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复杂网络: 大多数较大的社会网络呈现出社会复杂性的特征，包括'''<font color="#ff8000">网络拓扑 Network Topology</font>'''的大量非平凡特征，以及既不完全规则也不完全随机的元素之间的复杂连接模式（见[[复杂性科学]]、[[动力系统]]和[[混沌理论]]），生物和技术网络也是如此。这些复杂的网络特征包括度分布的重尾、高集聚系数、顶点之间的'''<font color="#ff8000">同配性 Assortativity</font>'''或非同配性、社区结构（见'''<font color="#ff8000">随机分块模型 Stochastic Block Model</font>'''）和层次结构。在主体导向网络的情况下，这些特征还包括互惠性、<font color="#32CD32">三重显著性特征</font>（TSP，见网络基序）及其他。相比之下，许多过去研究过的网络数学模型，如格和'''<font color="#ff8000">随机图 Random Graph</font>'''，并没有表现出这些特征。
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--[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）三重显著性特征不知翻译
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In J.A. Barnes' day, a "community" referred to a specific geographic location and studies of community ties had to do with who talked, associated, traded, and attended church with whom. Today, however, there are extended "online" communities developed through telecommunications devices and social network services. Such devices and services require extensive and ongoing maintenance and analysis, often using network science methods. Community development studies, today, also make extensive use of such methods.
 
In J.A. Barnes' day, a "community" referred to a specific geographic location and studies of community ties had to do with who talked, associated, traded, and attended church with whom. Today, however, there are extended "online" communities developed through telecommunications devices and social network services. Such devices and services require extensive and ongoing maintenance and analysis, often using network science methods. Community development studies, today, also make extensive use of such methods.
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在J.A. Barnes' day，“社区”指的是一个特定的地理位置和社区关系的研究与谁交谈，联系，贸易和参加教会与谁。然而，今天，通过电信设备和社交网络服务，有了扩展的“在线”社区。这样的设备和服务需要广泛和持续的维护和分析，通常使用网络科学的方法。社区发展研究，今天，也广泛使用这些方法。
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在J.A. Barnes' day，“社区”指的是一个特定的地理位置和与谁交谈、联系、贸易和一同上教堂做礼拜有关的社区关系的研究。然而如今，通过电信设备和社交网络服务，有了扩展的“在线”社区。这样的设备和服务需要广泛和持续的维护和分析，通常使用网络科学方法。社区发展研究在如今也广泛使用这些方法。
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Mechanisms such as Dual-phase evolution explain how temporal changes in connectivity contribute to the formation of structure in social networks.
 
Mechanisms such as Dual-phase evolution explain how temporal changes in connectivity contribute to the formation of structure in social networks.
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双阶段进化等机制解释了连接性的时间变化如何促进社会网络结构的形成。
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'''<font color="#ff8000">双相演化理论 Dual-phase Evolution</font>'''等机制解释了连接性的时间变化如何促进社会网络结构的形成。
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In criminology and urban sociology, much attention has been paid to the social networks among criminal actors. For example, Andrew Papachristos has studied gang murders as a series of exchanges between gangs. Murders can be seen to diffuse outwards from a single source, because weaker gangs cannot afford to kill members of stronger gangs in retaliation, but must commit other violent acts to maintain their reputation for strength.
 
In criminology and urban sociology, much attention has been paid to the social networks among criminal actors. For example, Andrew Papachristos has studied gang murders as a series of exchanges between gangs. Murders can be seen to diffuse outwards from a single source, because weaker gangs cannot afford to kill members of stronger gangs in retaliation, but must commit other violent acts to maintain their reputation for strength.
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在犯罪学和城市社会学中，犯罪行为人之间的社会网络问题受到了广泛的关注。例如，安德鲁 · 帕帕克里斯托斯将帮派谋杀研究为帮派之间的一系列交流。谋杀可以被视为从单一来源向外扩散，因为较弱的帮派无法承担杀死较强帮派成员进行报复的代价，而必须采取其他暴力行动来维护他们强大的声誉。
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在'''<font color="#ff8000">犯罪学 Criminology</font>和'''<font color="#ff8000">城市社会学 Urban sociology</font>中，犯罪行为人之间的社会网络问题受到了广泛的关注。例如，'''安德鲁·帕帕克里斯托斯 Andrew Papachristos'''将帮派谋杀研究为帮派之间的一系列交流。谋杀可以视为从单一来源向外扩散，因为较弱的帮派无法承担为报复杀死较强帮派成员的代价，而必须采取其他暴力行动来维护其势力强大之名声。
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===Diffusion of innovations 创新产品渗透理论===
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===Diffusion of innovations 创新扩散理论===
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Diffusion of ideas and innovations studies focus on the spread and use of ideas from one actor to another or one culture and another. This line of research seeks to explain why some become "early adopters" of ideas and innovations, and links social network structure with facilitating or impeding the spread of an innovation.
 
Diffusion of ideas and innovations studies focus on the spread and use of ideas from one actor to another or one culture and another. This line of research seeks to explain why some become "early adopters" of ideas and innovations, and links social network structure with facilitating or impeding the spread of an innovation.
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思想和创新的传播研究的重点是思想从一个行动者传播到另一个行动者或一种文化和另一种文化。这一系列的研究试图解释为什么有些人成为创意和创新的“早期接受者” ，并将社交网络结构与促进或阻碍创新的传播联系起来。
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'''<font color="#ff8000">创新扩散理论 Diffusion of Innovations</font>'''研究的重点是思想从一个行动者到另一个或一种文化到另一种的传播。这一系列的研究试图解释为什么有些人成为创意和创新的“早期接受者” ，并将社交网络结构与促进或阻碍创新的传播联系起来。
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===Demography 人口统计===
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===Demography 人口学===
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In demography, the study of social networks has led to new sampling methods for estimating and reaching populations that are hard to enumerate (for example, homeless people or intravenous drug users.) For example, respondent driven sampling is a network-based sampling technique that relies on respondents to a survey recommending further respondents.
 
In demography, the study of social networks has led to new sampling methods for estimating and reaching populations that are hard to enumerate (for example, homeless people or intravenous drug users.) For example, respondent driven sampling is a network-based sampling technique that relies on respondents to a survey recommending further respondents.
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在人口统计学方面，对社会网络的研究导致了新的抽样方法，用于估计和覆盖难以统计的人群(例如，无家可归者或静脉注射毒品者)例如，受访者驱动的抽样是一种基于网络的抽样技术，依赖于调查的受访者推荐更多的受访者。
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在'''<font color="#ff8000">人口学 Demography</font>'''方面，对社会网络的研究导致了新的抽样方法，用于估计和覆盖难以统计的人群（如无家可归者或静脉注射毒品者）。例如，受访者驱动的抽样依赖于调查的受访者推荐更多的受访者，是一种基于网络的抽样技术。
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The field of sociology focuses almost entirely on networks of outcomes of social interactions. More narrowly, economic sociology considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social "markets". Sociologists, such as Mark Granovetter, have developed core principles about the interactions of social structure, information, ability to punish or reward, and trust that frequently recur in their analyses of political, economic and other institutions. Granovetter examines how social structures and social networks can affect economic outcomes like hiring, price, productivity and innovation and describes sociologists' contributions to analyzing the impact of social structure and networks on the economy.
 
The field of sociology focuses almost entirely on networks of outcomes of social interactions. More narrowly, economic sociology considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social "markets". Sociologists, such as Mark Granovetter, have developed core principles about the interactions of social structure, information, ability to punish or reward, and trust that frequently recur in their analyses of political, economic and other institutions. Granovetter examines how social structures and social networks can affect economic outcomes like hiring, price, productivity and innovation and describes sociologists' contributions to analyzing the impact of social structure and networks on the economy.
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社会学领域几乎完全关注社会互动的结果网络。更狭义地说，经济社会学通过社会资本和社会“市场”考虑个人和群体的行为互动。社会学家，如马克·格兰诺维特，已经发展出关于社会结构、信息、惩罚或奖励能力和信任相互作用的核心原则，这些原则在他们对政治、经济和其他制度的分析中经常出现。格兰诺维特研究了社会结构和社会网络如何影响经济结果，如雇佣、价格、生产力和创新，并描述了社会学家对分析社会结构和网络对经济的影响的贡献。
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社会学领域几乎完全关注社会互动的结果网络。更狭义地说，'''<font color="#ff8000">经济社会学 Economic Sociology</font>'''通过社会资本和社会“市场”考虑个人和群体的行为互动。社会学家，如马克·格兰诺维特，已经研究出关于社会结构、信息、奖惩能力和信任相互作用的核心原则，这些原则在他们对政治、经济和其他制度的分析中经常出现。格兰诺维特研究了社会结构和社会网络如何影响经济结果，如雇佣、价格、生产力和创新，并描述了社会学家对分析社会结构和网络对经济的影响的贡献。
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===Health care 医疗保健===
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===Health care 卫生保健===
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Analysis of social networks is increasingly incorporated into health care analytics, not only in epidemiological studies but also in models of patient communication and education, disease prevention, mental health diagnosis and treatment, and in the study of health care organizations and systems.
 
Analysis of social networks is increasingly incorporated into health care analytics, not only in epidemiological studies but also in models of patient communication and education, disease prevention, mental health diagnosis and treatment, and in the study of health care organizations and systems.
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社会网络分析不仅在流行病学研究中，而且在病人沟通和教育模型、疾病预防、心理健康诊断和治疗以及卫生保健组织和系统的研究中，越来越多地被纳入卫生保健分析中。
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社会网络分析越来越多地被纳入卫生保健分析——不仅在'''<font color="#ff8000">流行病学 Epidemiology</font>'''研究中，而且在病人沟通和教育、疾病预防、心理健康诊断和治疗模型中，以及在卫生保健组织和系统的研究中。
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Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. The scientific philosophy of human ecology has a diffuse history with connections to geography, sociology, psychology, anthropology, zoology, and natural ecology.
 
Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. The scientific philosophy of human ecology has a diffuse history with connections to geography, sociology, psychology, anthropology, zoology, and natural ecology.
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人类生态学是一门跨学科、跨学科的学科，研究人类与自然、社会和人造环境之间的关系。人类生态学的科学哲学与地理学、社会学、心理学、人类学、动物学和自然生态学有着密切的联系。
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'''<font color="#ff8000">人类生态学 Human ecology</font>'''是研究人类与其自然环境、社会环境和'''<font color="#ff8000">建成环境 Built environment</font>'''之间关系的一门跨学科科学。人类生态学的科学哲学与地理学、社会学、心理学、人类学、动物学和自然生态学有着密切的联系。
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Studies of language and linguistics, particularly evolutionary linguistics, focus on the development of linguistic forms and transfer of changes, sounds or words, from one language system to another through networks of social interaction. Social networks are also important in language shift, as groups of people add and/or abandon languages to their repertoire.
 
Studies of language and linguistics, particularly evolutionary linguistics, focus on the development of linguistic forms and transfer of changes, sounds or words, from one language system to another through networks of social interaction. Social networks are also important in language shift, as groups of people add and/or abandon languages to their repertoire.
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语言学和语言学的研究，特别是演化语言学，集中在语言形式的发展和变化，声音或词汇的转移，从一个语言系统到另一个通过社会互动的网络。社交网络在语言转换中也很重要，因为一群人增加或者放弃了他们的语言。
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语言学和语言学的研究，特别是'''<font color="#ff8000">演化语言学 Evolutionary Linguistics</font>'''，关注通过社会互动网络从一个语言系统转移到另一个语言系统时，语言形式的发展以及声音或词语的变化。社交网络在语言转换中也很重要，因为一些人群增加或者放弃了他们的语言。
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In the study of literary systems, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo, De Nooy, and Senekal, to study various aspects of how literature functions. The basic premise is that polysystem theory, which has been around since the writings of Even-Zohar, can be integrated with network theory and the relationships between different actors in the literary network, e.g. writers, critics, publishers, literary histories, etc., can be mapped using visualization from SNA.
 
In the study of literary systems, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo, De Nooy, and Senekal, to study various aspects of how literature functions. The basic premise is that polysystem theory, which has been around since the writings of Even-Zohar, can be integrated with network theory and the relationships between different actors in the literary network, e.g. writers, critics, publishers, literary histories, etc., can be mapped using visualization from SNA.
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在文学体系的研究中，网络分析被阿海尔、格尔哈兹和罗姆、努伊和 Senekal 应用于研究文学功能的各个方面。其基本前提是多元系统理论可以与网络理论以及文学网络中不同行为者之间的关系相结合。作家、评论家、出版商、文学史等等，都可以通过使用 SNA 的可视化来绘制地图。
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在文学体系的研究中，网络分析被'''阿海尔 Anheier'''、'''格尔哈兹 Gerhards'''和'''罗姆 Romo'''、'''努伊 De Nooy'''和Senekal应用于研究文学如何运作的各个方面。其基本前提是将'''文-佐哈尔 Even-Zohar'''著述以来就存在的多元系统理论可以与网络理论相结合，以及文学网络中不同行为者（如作家、评论家、出版商、文学史等）之间的关系可以通过SNA可视化映射。
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Research studies of formal or informal organization relationships, organizational communication, economics, economic sociology, and other resource transfers. Social networks have also been used to examine how organizations interact with each other, characterizing the many informal connections that link executives together, as well as associations and connections between individual employees at different organizations. Intra-organizational networks have been found to affect organizational commitment, organizational identification, interpersonal citizenship behaviour.
 
Research studies of formal or informal organization relationships, organizational communication, economics, economic sociology, and other resource transfers. Social networks have also been used to examine how organizations interact with each other, characterizing the many informal connections that link executives together, as well as associations and connections between individual employees at different organizations. Intra-organizational networks have been found to affect organizational commitment, organizational identification, interpersonal citizenship behaviour.
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研究正式或非正式的组织关系，组织沟通，经济，经济社会学和其他资源转移。社交网络也被用来研究组织之间如何相互作用，描述了许多非正式的联系，以及不同组织的个别雇员之间的联系和联系。研究发现，组织内网络对组织承诺、组织认同、人际公民行为有显著影响。
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研究正式或非正式组织关系、'''<font color="#ff8000">组织沟通 Organizational Communication</font>'''、经济、经济社会学和其他资源转移。社交网络也被用来研究组织之间如何相互作用，描述了许多将高管联系在一起的非正式联系，以及不同组织的个体雇员之间的联系。研究发现，组织内网络对'''<font color="#ff8000">组织承诺 Organizational Commitment</font>'''、组织认同、人际公民行为有影响。
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[[Social capital]] is a form of [[Capital (economics)|economic]] and [[cultural capital]] in which social networks are central, [[Stock and flow|transactions]] are marked by [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity]], [[Trust (social sciences)|trust]], and [[cooperation]], and [[Market (economics)|market]] [[Agent (economics)|agents]] produce [[goods and services]] not mainly for themselves, but for a [[common good]]. [[Social capital]] is split into three dimensions: the structural, the relational and the cognitive dimension. The structural dimension describes how partners interact with each other and which specific partners meet in a social network. Also The structural dimension of social capital indicates the level of ties among organizations.<ref>(Claridge, 2018).</ref>. This dimension is highly connected to the relational dimension which refers to trustworthiness, norms, expectations and idenfications of the bonds between partners.The relational dimension explains the nature of these ties which is mainly illustrated by the level of trust accorded to the network of organizations. <ref>(Claridge, 2018).</ref> The cognitive dimension analyses the extent to which organizations share common goals and objectives as a result of their ties and interactions. <ref>(Claridge, 2018).</ref>
 
[[Social capital]] is a form of [[Capital (economics)|economic]] and [[cultural capital]] in which social networks are central, [[Stock and flow|transactions]] are marked by [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity]], [[Trust (social sciences)|trust]], and [[cooperation]], and [[Market (economics)|market]] [[Agent (economics)|agents]] produce [[goods and services]] not mainly for themselves, but for a [[common good]]. [[Social capital]] is split into three dimensions: the structural, the relational and the cognitive dimension. The structural dimension describes how partners interact with each other and which specific partners meet in a social network. Also The structural dimension of social capital indicates the level of ties among organizations.<ref>(Claridge, 2018).</ref>. This dimension is highly connected to the relational dimension which refers to trustworthiness, norms, expectations and idenfications of the bonds between partners.The relational dimension explains the nature of these ties which is mainly illustrated by the level of trust accorded to the network of organizations. <ref>(Claridge, 2018).</ref> The cognitive dimension analyses the extent to which organizations share common goals and objectives as a result of their ties and interactions. <ref>(Claridge, 2018).</ref>
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Social capital is a form of economic and cultural capital in which social networks are central, transactions are marked by reciprocity, trust, and cooperation, and market agents produce goods and services not mainly for themselves, but for a common good. Social capital is split into three dimensions: the structural, the relational and the cognitive dimension. The structural dimension describes how partners interact with each other and which specific partners meet in a social network. Also The structural dimension of social capital indicates the level of ties among organizations.. This dimension is highly connected to the relational dimension which refers to trustworthiness, norms, expectations and idenfications of the bonds between partners.The relational dimension explains the nature of these ties which is mainly illustrated by the level of trust accorded to the network of organizations. The cognitive dimension analyses the extent to which organizations share common goals and objectives as a result of their ties and interactions.  
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Social capital is a form of economic and cultural capital in which social networks are central, transactions are marked by reciprocity, trust, and cooperation, and market agents produce goods and services not mainly for themselves, but for a common good. Social capital is split into three dimensions: the structural, the relational and the cognitive dimension. The structural dimension describes how partners interact with each other and which specific partners meet in a social network. Also The structural dimension of social capital indicates the level of ties among organizations. This dimension is highly connected to the relational dimension which refers to trustworthiness, norms, expectations and idenfications of the bonds between partners. The relational dimension explains the nature of these ties which is mainly illustrated by the level of trust accorded to the network of organizations. The cognitive dimension analyses the extent to which organizations share common goals and objectives as a result of their ties and interactions.  
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社会资本是一种经济和文化资本，其中社会网络是中心，交易以互惠、信任和合作为特征，市场代理人生产的商品和服务不主要是为他们自己，而是为了共同的利益。社会资本分为三个维度: 结构维度、关系维度和认知维度。结构维度描述了合作伙伴之间如何相互作用，以及哪些特定的合作伙伴在社交网络中相遇。社会资本的结构维度反映了组织之间的关系水平。这个维度与关系维度高度相关，关系维度指的是伴侣之间关系的可信度、规范、期望和相同性。 关系维度解释了这些联系的本质，主要表现在对组织网络的信任程度上。认知维度分析组织因其联系和相互作用而在多大程度上共享共同的目标和目的。
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社会资本是一种以社会网络为中心的经济和文化资本，交易以互惠、信任和合作为特征，市场主体生产的商品和服务主要不是为了自已，而是为了共同的利益。社会资本分为三个维度: 结构维度、关系维度和认知维度。结构维度描述了合作伙伴之间如何相互作用，以及哪些特定的合作伙伴在社交网络中相遇。社会资本的结构维度反映了组织之间的关系水平。这个维度与关系维度高度相关，关系维度指的是伙伴之间关系的可信度、规范、期望和认同度。 关系维度解释了这些联系的本质，主要表现在对组织网络的信任程度上。认知维度分析组织在多大程度上因其联系和相互作用而共享共同的目标和目的。
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Social capital is a sociological concept about the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to achieve positive outcomes. The term refers to the value one can get from their social ties. For example, newly arrived immigrants can make use of their social ties to established migrants to acquire jobs they may otherwise have trouble getting (e.g., because of unfamiliarity with the local language). A positive relationship exists between social capital and the intensity of social network use. In a dynamic framework, higher activity in a network feeds into higher social capital which itself encourages more activity.
 
Social capital is a sociological concept about the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to achieve positive outcomes. The term refers to the value one can get from their social ties. For example, newly arrived immigrants can make use of their social ties to established migrants to acquire jobs they may otherwise have trouble getting (e.g., because of unfamiliarity with the local language). A positive relationship exists between social capital and the intensity of social network use. In a dynamic framework, higher activity in a network feeds into higher social capital which itself encourages more activity.
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社会资本是一个关于社会关系的价值和合作与信心的作用的社会学概念，以实现积极的成果。这个术语指的是一个人可以从他们的社会关系中获得的价值。例如，新来的移民可以利用他们与老移民的社会关系，获得他们在其他情况下可能难以获得的工作(例如，因为不熟悉当地语言)。社会资本与社会网络使用强度存在正相关关系。在一个动态的框架中，网络中更高的活动会产生更高的社会资本，而社会资本本身又会鼓励更多的活动。
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社会资本是一个关于社会关系的价值、以及合作与信心对取得积极成果的作用的社会学概念。该术语指的是一个人可以从其社会关系中获得的价值。例如，新来的移民可以利用他们与先到的移民的社会关系，获得可能本难以获得的工作（如因为不熟悉当地语言）。社会资本与社会网络使用强度存在正相关关系。在一个动态的框架中，网络中更高的活动会产生更高的社会资本，而社会资本本身又会激励更多的活动。
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=== Advertising ===
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=== Advertising 广告===
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=== Advertising ===
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广告
      
This particular cluster focuses on brand-image and promotional strategy effectiveness, taking into account the impact of customer participation on sales and brand-image. This is gauged through techniques such as sentiment analysis which rely on mathematical areas of study such as data mining and analytics. This area of research produces vast numbers of commercial applications as the main goal of any study is to understand consumer behaviour and drive sales.
 
This particular cluster focuses on brand-image and promotional strategy effectiveness, taking into account the impact of customer participation on sales and brand-image. This is gauged through techniques such as sentiment analysis which rely on mathematical areas of study such as data mining and analytics. This area of research produces vast numbers of commercial applications as the main goal of any study is to understand consumer behaviour and drive sales.
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===Network position and benefits===
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===Network position and benefits 网络地位和利益===
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===Network position and benefits===
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网络地位和利益
      
In many [[Formal organizations|organizations]], members tend to focus their activities inside their own groups, which stifles creativity and restricts opportunities. A player whose network bridges structural holes has an advantage in detecting and developing rewarding opportunities.<ref name="Burt 2004"/> Such a player can mobilize social capital by acting as a "broker" of information between two clusters that otherwise would not have been in contact, thus providing access to new ideas, opinions and opportunities. British philosopher and political economist [[John Stuart Mill]], writes, "it is hardly possible to overrate the value ... of placing human beings in contact with persons dissimilar to themselves.... Such communication [is] one of the primary sources of progress."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mill|first=John|title=Principles of Political Economy|year=1909|publisher=William J Ashley|location=Library of Economics and Liberty}}</ref> Thus, a player with a network rich in structural holes can add value to an organization through new ideas and opportunities. This in turn, helps an individual's career development and advancement.
 
In many [[Formal organizations|organizations]], members tend to focus their activities inside their own groups, which stifles creativity and restricts opportunities. A player whose network bridges structural holes has an advantage in detecting and developing rewarding opportunities.<ref name="Burt 2004"/> Such a player can mobilize social capital by acting as a "broker" of information between two clusters that otherwise would not have been in contact, thus providing access to new ideas, opinions and opportunities. British philosopher and political economist [[John Stuart Mill]], writes, "it is hardly possible to overrate the value ... of placing human beings in contact with persons dissimilar to themselves.... Such communication [is] one of the primary sources of progress."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mill|first=John|title=Principles of Political Economy|year=1909|publisher=William J Ashley|location=Library of Economics and Liberty}}</ref> Thus, a player with a network rich in structural holes can add value to an organization through new ideas and opportunities. This in turn, helps an individual's career development and advancement.
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===Social media===
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===Social media 社交媒体===
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===Social media===
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社交媒体
      
{{main article|Social media}}
 
{{main article|Social media}}
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==See also==
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==See also 参阅==
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==See also==
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参见
      
{{cmn|colwidth=22em|
 
{{cmn|colwidth=22em|
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22em |  
 
22em |  
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* [[Bibliography of sociology]]
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* [[Bibliography of sociology]] 社会学参考书目
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* [[Business networking]]
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* [[Business networking]] 商业社交
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* [[Collective network]]
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* [[Collective network]] 集体网络
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* [[International Network for Social Network Analysis]]
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* [[International Network for Social Network Analysis]] 国际社会网络学会
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* [[Network society]]
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* [[Network society]] 网络社会
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* [[Network theory]]
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* [[Network theory]] 网络理论
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*[[Network science]]
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*[[Network science]] 网络科学
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* [[Scientific collaboration network]]
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* [[Scientific collaboration network]]  
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* [[Social network analysis]]
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* [[Social network analysis]] 社会网络分析
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* [[Social network (sociolinguistics)]]
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* [[Social network (sociolinguistics)]] 社会网络
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* [[Social networking service]]
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* [[Social networking service]] 社会网络服务
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* [[Social web]]
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* [[Social web]] 社交网络
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* [[Structural fold]]
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* [[Structural fold]] 结构折叠
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==External links==
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==External links 外部链接==
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==External links==
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外部链接
      
{{Commons category|Social networks}}
 
{{Commons category|Social networks}}
Dorr
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