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第341行：
第341行： − + 第578行：
第578行： − 这个集群侧重于品牌形象和促销策略的有效性，同时考虑到顾客参与对销售和品牌形象的影响。这是通过诸如情感分析等技术来衡量的，这些技术依赖于数学领域的研究，如数据挖掘和分析。这一研究领域产生了大量的商业应用，因为任何研究的主要目标都是了解消费者行为并推动销售。+ 第592行：
第592行： − 在许多组织中，成员倾向于把他们的活动集中在他们自己的团队中，这抑制了创造力和限制了机会。一个玩家的网络桥梁结构洞有优势，在检测和发展奖励机会。因此，一个拥有丰富结构性漏洞的网络的玩家可以通过新的想法和机会为组织增加价值。这反过来又有助于个人的职业发展和晋升。+ 第602行：
第602行： − 社会资本经纪人还可以从促进联系人之间的信息流动中获得控制权利。在咨询公司 Eden McCallum 的案例中，创始人能够通过与前三大咨询公司顾问和中等规模的行业公司建立联系来提升自己的职业生涯。通过弥合结构漏洞和调动社会资本，玩家可以通过在联系人之间执行新的机会来提升自己的职业生涯。+ 第612行：
第612行： − 有研究证实和反驳了信息经纪的好处。知行晓对中国高科技企业的一项研究发现，结构性漏洞的控制效益“与占主导地位的企业合作精神不协调，由于这类组织的共享价值观，信息效益不能实现”。然而，这项研究只分析了中国企业，这些企业往往有很强的公共共享价值观。结构性漏洞的信息和控制利益对于那些在整个公司层面上不那么具有包容性和合作性的公司来说仍然是有价值的。2004年，罗纳德 · 伯特研究了673名管理者，他们为美国最大的电子公司之一管理供应链。他发现，那些经常与其他团体讨论问题的管理人员收入更高，得到的工作评价更积极，也更有可能获得晋升。因此，架起结构性漏洞对组织有益，反过来对个人的职业生涯也有益。+ 第630行：
第630行： − 计算机网络与社交网络软件的结合为社交互动提供了一种新的媒介。通过计算机化的社交网络服务建立起来的关系可以是拥有属性、方向和力量。关系的内容指的是交换的资源。在计算机中介的交流环境中，社会对交换不同种类的信息，包括发送数据文件或计算机程序，以及提供情感支持或安排会议。随着电子商务的兴起，交换的信息也可能对应于“现实”世界中的货币、商品或服务的交换。社会网络分析方法已经成为检验这些类型的计算机中介交流的必要手段。+ 第640行：
第640行： − 此外，社交媒体的庞大规模和不稳定性也催生了新的网络指标。从社交媒体中提取网络的一个关键问题是，在缺失数据的情况下，网络指标缺乏健壮性。+ 第646行：
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第814行： − + − ===Peer-reviewed journals=== − 同行评审期刊 第854行：
第846行： − + − ===Textbooks and educational resources=== − 课本及教育资源 第880行：
第870行： − + − ===Data sets=== − 数据集
无编辑摘要
In the context of networks, social capital exists where people have an advantage because of their location in a network. Contacts in a network provide information, opportunities and perspectives that can be beneficial to the central player in the network. Most social structures tend to be characterized by dense clusters of strong connections. Information within these clusters tends to be rather homogeneous and redundant. Non-redundant information is most often obtained through contacts in different clusters. When two separate clusters possess non-redundant information, there is said to be a structural hole between them. Thus, a network that bridges structural holes will provide network benefits that are in some degree additive, rather than overlapping. An ideal network structure has a vine and cluster structure, providing access to many different clusters and structural holes.
In the context of networks, social capital exists where people have an advantage because of their location in a network. Contacts in a network provide information, opportunities and perspectives that can be beneficial to the central player in the network. Most social structures tend to be characterized by dense clusters of strong connections. Information within these clusters tends to be rather homogeneous and redundant. Non-redundant information is most often obtained through contacts in different clusters. When two separate clusters possess non-redundant information, there is said to be a structural hole between them. Thus, a network that bridges structural holes will provide network benefits that are in some degree additive, rather than overlapping. An ideal network structure has a vine and cluster structure, providing access to many different clusters and structural holes.
在网络的背景下，'''<font color="#ff8000">社会资本 Social Capital</font>'''存在于人们因其在网络中的位置而具有优势的地方。网络中的联系提供的信息、机会和观点可能有利于网络中的核心参与者。大多数社会结构往往以有强连接的密集集群为特征。这些集群中的信息往往是相当同质和冗余的。非冗余信息通常是通过不同集群中的联系获得的。当两个独立的集群拥有非冗余信息时，我们称它们之间存在一个'''<font color="#ff8000">结构洞 Structural Hole</font>'''。因此，一个连接结构孔的网络在某种程度上提供附加而非重叠的的网络效益。理想的网络结构具有蔓生结构和集群结构，可访问许多不同集群和结构洞。
在网络的背景下，'''<font color="#ff8000">社会资本 Social Capital</font>'''存在于人们因其在网络中的位置而具有优势的地方。网络中的联系提供的信息、机会和观点可能有利于网络中的核心参与者。大多数社会结构往往以有强连接的密集集群为特征。这些集群中的信息往往是相当同质和冗余的。非冗余信息通常是通过不同集群中的联系获得的。当两个独立的集群拥有非冗余信息时，我们称它们之间存在一个'''<font color="#ff8000">结构洞 Structural Hole</font>'''。因此，一个'''<font color="#32CD32">连接</font>'''结构孔的网络在某种程度上提供附加而非重叠的的网络效益。理想的网络结构具有蔓生结构和集群结构，可访问许多不同集群和结构洞。
This particular cluster focuses on brand-image and promotional strategy effectiveness, taking into account the impact of customer participation on sales and brand-image. This is gauged through techniques such as sentiment analysis which rely on mathematical areas of study such as data mining and analytics. This area of research produces vast numbers of commercial applications as the main goal of any study is to understand consumer behaviour and drive sales.
This particular cluster focuses on brand-image and promotional strategy effectiveness, taking into account the impact of customer participation on sales and brand-image. This is gauged through techniques such as sentiment analysis which rely on mathematical areas of study such as data mining and analytics. This area of research produces vast numbers of commercial applications as the main goal of any study is to understand consumer behaviour and drive sales.
这个特别的集群侧重于品牌形象和促销策略的有效性，同时考虑到顾客参与对销售和品牌形象的影响。这是通过诸如基于数学领域的研究（如数据挖掘和分析）的情感分析等技术来衡量的。这一研究领域产生了大量的商业应用，因为任何研究的主要目标都是了解消费者行为并推动销售。
In many organizations, members tend to focus their activities inside their own groups, which stifles creativity and restricts opportunities. A player whose network bridges structural holes has an advantage in detecting and developing rewarding opportunities. Thus, a player with a network rich in structural holes can add value to an organization through new ideas and opportunities. This in turn, helps an individual's career development and advancement.
In many organizations, members tend to focus their activities inside their own groups, which stifles creativity and restricts opportunities. A player whose network bridges structural holes has an advantage in detecting and developing rewarding opportunities. Thus, a player with a network rich in structural holes can add value to an organization through new ideas and opportunities. This in turn, helps an individual's career development and advancement.
在许多组织中，成员倾向于把他们的活动集中在他们自己的团队中，这抑制了创造力并限制了机会。一个网络连接结构洞的玩家在发现和开发机会方面有优势。因此，一个拥有富含结构洞的网络的玩家可以通过新的想法和机会为组织增加价值。这反过来又有助于个人的职业发展和晋升。
A social capital broker also reaps control benefits of being the facilitator of information flow between contacts. In the case of consulting firm Eden McCallum, the founders were able to advance their careers by bridging their connections with former big three consulting firm consultants and mid-size industry firms. By bridging structural holes and mobilizing social capital, players can advance their careers by executing new opportunities between contacts.
A social capital broker also reaps control benefits of being the facilitator of information flow between contacts. In the case of consulting firm Eden McCallum, the founders were able to advance their careers by bridging their connections with former big three consulting firm consultants and mid-size industry firms. By bridging structural holes and mobilizing social capital, players can advance their careers by executing new opportunities between contacts.
社会资本中介人还可以从促进联系人之间的信息流动中获得控制权利。在咨询公司 Eden McCallum 的案例中，创始人能够通过与前三大咨询公司顾问和中等规模的行业公司建立联系来发展其事业。通过连接结构洞和调动社会资本，玩家可以通过在联系人之间执行新的机会来发展其事业。
There has been research that both substantiates and refutes the benefits of information brokerage. A study of high tech Chinese firms by Zhixing Xiao found that the control benefits of structural holes are "dissonant to the dominant firm-wide spirit of cooperation and the information benefits cannot materialize due to the communal sharing values" of such organizations. However, this study only analyzed Chinese firms, which tend to have strong communal sharing values. Information and control benefits of structural holes are still valuable in firms that are not quite as inclusive and cooperative on the firm-wide level. In 2004, Ronald Burt studied 673 managers who ran the supply chain for one of America's largest electronics companies. He found that managers who often discussed issues with other groups were better paid, received more positive job evaluations and were more likely to be promoted. Thus, bridging structural holes can be beneficial to an organization, and in turn, to an individual's career.
There has been research that both substantiates and refutes the benefits of information brokerage. A study of high tech Chinese firms by Zhixing Xiao found that the control benefits of structural holes are "dissonant to the dominant firm-wide spirit of cooperation and the information benefits cannot materialize due to the communal sharing values" of such organizations. However, this study only analyzed Chinese firms, which tend to have strong communal sharing values. Information and control benefits of structural holes are still valuable in firms that are not quite as inclusive and cooperative on the firm-wide level. In 2004, Ronald Burt studied 673 managers who ran the supply chain for one of America's largest electronics companies. He found that managers who often discussed issues with other groups were better paid, received more positive job evaluations and were more likely to be promoted. Thus, bridging structural holes can be beneficial to an organization, and in turn, to an individual's career.
有研究证实和反驳了信息中介的好处。Zhixing Xiao 对中国高科技企业的一项研究发现，结构洞的控制效益“与占主导地位的企业合作精神不协调，且因这类组织的共享价值观，信息效益不能实现”。然而，这项研究只分析了往往有很强的公共共享价值观的中国企业。结构洞的信息和控制利益对于那些在整个公司层面上不那么具有包容性和合作性的公司来说仍然是有价值的。2004年，'''罗纳德·伯特 Ronald Burt'''调查了为美国最大的电子公司之一管理供应链的673名管理者。他发现，那些经常与其他团体讨论问题的管理人员收入更高，得到的工作评价更积极，也更有可能获得晋升。因此，'''<font color="#32CD32">连接</font>'''结构洞对组织有益，反过来对个人的职业生涯也有益。
Computer networks combined with social networking software produces a new medium for social interaction. A relationship over a computerized social networking service can be characterized by context, direction, and strength. The content of a relation refers to the resource that is exchanged. In a computer mediated communication context, social pairs exchange different kinds of information, including sending a data file or a computer program as well as providing emotional support or arranging a meeting. With the rise of electronic commerce, information exchanged may also correspond to exchanges of money, goods or services in the "real" world. Social network analysis methods have become essential to examining these types of computer mediated communication.
Computer networks combined with social networking software produces a new medium for social interaction. A relationship over a computerized social networking service can be characterized by context, direction, and strength. The content of a relation refers to the resource that is exchanged. In a computer mediated communication context, social pairs exchange different kinds of information, including sending a data file or a computer program as well as providing emotional support or arranging a meeting. With the rise of electronic commerce, information exchanged may also correspond to exchanges of money, goods or services in the "real" world. Social network analysis methods have become essential to examining these types of computer mediated communication.
计算机网络与社交网络软件的结合为社交互动提供了一种新的媒介。计算机化的社交网络服务上的关系可以通过上下文、方向和强度来描述。关系的内容指的是交换的资源。在'''<font color="#ff8000">电脑中介传播 Computer-mediated Communication</font>'''环境中，社会对交换不同种类的信息，包括发送数据文件或计算机程序，以及提供情感支持或安排会议。随着'''<font color="#ff8000">电子商务 Electronic Commerce</font>'''的兴起，交换的信息也可能对应于“现实”世界中的货币、商品或服务的交换。社会网络分析方法已经成为检验此类计算机为媒介的交流的必要手段。
In addition, the sheer size and the volatile nature of social media has given rise to new network metrics. A key concern with networks extracted from social media is the lack of robustness of network metrics given missing data.
In addition, the sheer size and the volatile nature of social media has given rise to new network metrics. A key concern with networks extracted from social media is the lack of robustness of network metrics given missing data.
此外，社交媒体的庞大规模和不稳定性也催生了新的网络指标。从社交媒体中提取网络的一个关键问题是，在缺失数据的情况下，网络指标缺乏鲁棒性。
==See also 参阅==
=='''<font color="#32CD32">See also 参阅</font>'''==
* [[Semiotics of social networking]]
* [[Semiotics of social networking]] 社交网络符号学
* [[Scientific collaboration network]]
* [[Scientific collaboration network]] 科学合作网络
==References==
==References 参考资料==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
==Further reading 进一步阅读==
* {{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=Nagender |last2=Gambhir |first2=Sapna |title=Ad-hoc Social Network: A Comprehensive Survey |url=http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CAd-hoc-Social-Network-A-Comprehensive-Survey.pdf |journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research |volume=4 |issue=8 |date=August 2013 |pages=156–160|issn=2229-5518}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=Nagender |last2=Gambhir |first2=Sapna |title=Ad-hoc Social Network: A Comprehensive Survey |url=http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CAd-hoc-Social-Network-A-Comprehensive-Survey.pdf |journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research |volume=4 |issue=8 |date=August 2013 |pages=156–160|issn=2229-5518}}
===Organizations===
===Organizations 组织===
* [http://www.insna.org/ International Network for Social Network Analysis]
* [http://www.insna.org/ International Network for Social Network Analysis]
===Peer-reviewed journals===
===Peer-reviewed journals 同行评审期刊===
* ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788733 Social Networks]''
* ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788733 Social Networks]''
===Textbooks and educational resources===
===Textbooks and educational resources 课本及教育资源===
* ''[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/ Networks, Crowds, and Markets]'' (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg
* ''[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/ Networks, Crowds, and Markets]'' (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg
===Data sets===
===Data sets 数据集===
* [http://pajek.imfm.si/doku.php?id=data:urls:index Pajek's list of lists of datasets]
* [http://pajek.imfm.si/doku.php?id=data:urls:index Pajek's list of lists of datasets]