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第338行： − 酗酒会导致大脑损伤，从而损害工作记忆。酒精影响血氧水平依赖性（BOLD）反应。BOLD反应把血氧含量增加与大脑活动联系起来，故这种反应是测量神经元活动的有用指标。在执行工作记忆任务时，BOLD反应影响大脑的基底神经节和丘脑等区域。从小就喝酒的青少年其大脑区域的BOLD反应降低。特别是酒精依赖的年轻女性在执行空间工作记忆任务时，顶叶和额叶皮层的BOLD反应较少。酗酒可以且特别影响工作记忆任务的表现，特别是视觉工作记忆。此外，在酒精影响工作记忆方面似乎也存在性别差异。与男性相比，女性在饮酒后的非文字工作记忆任务中表现得更好，但在空间工作记忆任务中的表现似乎更差（表现为更少的大脑活动）。最后，年龄似乎是一个额外的因素。老年人比其他人更容易受到酒精对工作记忆的影响。+
→神经生理学的酒精效果 Effects of alcohol on neurophysiology
Alcohol abuse can result in brain damage which impairs working memory. Alcohol has an effect on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response. The BOLD response correlates increased blood oxygenation with brain activity, which makes this response a useful tool for measuring neuronal activity. The BOLD response affects regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia and thalamus when performing a working memory task. Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in these brain regions. Alcohol dependent young women in particular exhibit less of a BOLD response in parietal and frontal cortices when performing a spatial working memory task. Binge drinking, specifically, can also affect one's performance on working memory tasks, particularly visual working memory. Additionally, there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory. While women perform better on verbal working memory tasks after consuming alcohol compared to men, they appear to perform worse on spatial working memory tasks as indicated by less brain activity. Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory.
Alcohol abuse can result in brain damage which impairs working memory. Alcohol has an effect on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response. The BOLD response correlates increased blood oxygenation with brain activity, which makes this response a useful tool for measuring neuronal activity. The BOLD response affects regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia and thalamus when performing a working memory task. Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in these brain regions. Alcohol dependent young women in particular exhibit less of a BOLD response in parietal and frontal cortices when performing a spatial working memory task. Binge drinking, specifically, can also affect one's performance on working memory tasks, particularly visual working memory. Additionally, there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory. While women perform better on verbal working memory tasks after consuming alcohol compared to men, they appear to perform worse on spatial working memory tasks as indicated by less brain activity. Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory.
酗酒会导致大脑损伤，从而损害工作记忆。酒精影响'''<font color="#ff8000">血氧水平依赖性 Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent（BOLD）</font>'''反应。BOLD反应把血氧含量增加与大脑活动联系起来，故这种反应是测量神经元活动的有用指标。在执行工作记忆任务时，BOLD反应影响大脑的基底神经节和丘脑等区域。从小就喝酒的青少年其大脑区域的BOLD反应降低。特别是酒精依赖的年轻女性在执行空间工作记忆任务时，顶叶和额叶皮层的BOLD反应较少。酗酒可以且特别影响工作记忆任务的表现，特别是视觉工作记忆。此外，在酒精影响工作记忆方面似乎也存在性别差异。与男性相比，女性在饮酒后的非文字工作记忆任务中表现得更好，但在空间工作记忆任务中的表现似乎更差（表现为更少的大脑活动）。最后，年龄似乎是一个额外的因素。老年人比其他人更容易受到酒精对工作记忆的影响。
== 基因 Genetics ==
== 基因 Genetics ==