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第518行： − + + + − The theoretical foundations are summarized by Thermodynamics.+ − − The theoretical foundations are summarized by Thermodynamics. − − 用热力学方法总结了这些理论基础。 − − When [[biological systems]] are modeled as [[physical system]]s, in its most general abstraction, they are [[Thermodynamic system#Open system|thermodynamic open systems]] that exhibit [[self-organisation|self-organised]] behavior, and the [[Set theory|set/subset]] relations between [[dissipative structures]] can be characterized in a hierarchy. − − When biological systems are modeled as physical systems, in its most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and the set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy. − − 当生物系统被模拟为物理系统时，在其最一般的抽象中，它们是表现出自组织行为的热力学开放系统，耗散结构之间的集合/子集关系可以用层次来刻画。
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Empirically, we observe in nature a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems, they exhibit hierarchic structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in a world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity. System hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a field that would be, from the 1980s, hierarchical ecology.
Empirically, we observe in nature a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems, they exhibit hierarchic structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in a world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity. System hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a field that would be, from the 1980s, hierarchical ecology.
在实践中，我们观察到自然界中很大一部分(复杂的)生物系统呈现出等级结构。从理论上讲，我们可以期待复杂系统在一个复杂性必须从简单性演化的世界中成为层次结构。20世纪50年代进行的系统层次分析，为从20世纪80年代开始的层次生态学领域奠定了经验基础。
在实践中，我们观察到自然界中很大一部分(复杂的)生物系统呈现出层次结构。从理论上讲，在一个复杂性必须从简单性演化而来的世界中，我们可以预期复杂系统具有层次结构。20世纪50年代进行的系统层次分析，为从20世纪80年代开始的层次生态学领域奠定了经验基础。
The theoretical foundations are summarized by Thermodynamics. When [[biological systems]] are modeled as [[physical system]]s, in its most general abstraction, they are [[Thermodynamic system#Open system|thermodynamic open systems]] that exhibit [[self-organisation|self-organised]] behavior, and the [[Set theory|set/subset]] relations between [[dissipative structures]] can be characterized in a hierarchy.
The theoretical foundations are summarized by Thermodynamics. When biological systems are modeled as physical systems, in its most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and the set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy.
这些理论基础由热力学的方法来总结。当生物系统被模拟为物理系统时，在其最一般的抽象中，它们是表现出自组织行为的热力学开放系统，耗散结构之间的集合/子集关系可以用层次来刻画。