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第142行：
第142行： − 爱德华 · 塔夫特教授解释说，信息显示的用户正在执行特定的分析任务，比如进行比较。信息图形的设计原则应支持分析任务。正如威廉 · 克利夫兰和罗伯特 · 麦吉尔展示的那样，不同的图形元素或多或少地有效地实现了这一点。例如，圆点图和条形图的性能优于饼图。+ 第150行：
第150行： − 在1983年出版的《量化信息的视觉显示》一书中，爱德华 · 塔夫特在下面的文章中定义了图形显示和有效图形显示的原则:+ 第156行：
第156行： − “统计图形的优秀是由清晰、精确和高效地交流的复杂想法组成的。图形显示应该:+ + + + + + + + + + 第180行：
第189行： − 图形显示数据。实际上，图形可以比传统的统计计算更精确、更有启发性。”+ 第188行：
第197行： − 例如，米纳德图表显示了拿破仑军队在1812-1813年期间遭受的损失。绘制了六个变量: 军队的大小，它在二维表面上的位置(x 和 y) ，时间，运动方向和温度。线的宽度说明了一个比较(军队在时间点的规模) ，而温度轴暗示了军队规模变化的原因。这种二维表面上的多变量显示讲述了一个故事，可以立即抓住，同时确定源数据以建立可信度。塔夫特在1983年写道: “这可能是有史以来最好的统计图表。”+ + + 第196行：
第207行： − 不适用这些原则可能导致错误的图表，扭曲信息或支持错误的结论。按照塔夫特的说法，chartjunk 指的是图形的无关内部装饰，不能增强信息，或者免费的三维或透视效果。不必要地将解释键与图像本身分离，需要眼睛在图像与键之间来回移动，这是一种“行政碎片”形式“数据与墨水”的比例应该最大化，擦除非数据墨水在可行的地方。+ 第204行：
第215行： − 国会预算办公室在2014年6月的报告中总结了几个图形显示的最佳实践。这些包括: a)了解你的读者; b)设计能够独立于报告上下文之外的图形; c)设计能够传达报告中关键信息的图形。+ − −
→Characteristics of effective graphical displays
Professor Edward Tufte explained that users of information displays are executing particular analytical tasks such as making comparisons. The design principle of the information graphic should support the analytical task. As William Cleveland and Robert McGill show, different graphical elements accomplish this more or less effectively. For example, dot plots and bar charts outperform pie charts.
Professor Edward Tufte explained that users of information displays are executing particular analytical tasks such as making comparisons. The design principle of the information graphic should support the analytical task. As William Cleveland and Robert McGill show, different graphical elements accomplish this more or less effectively. For example, dot plots and bar charts outperform pie charts.
Edward Tufte教授解释说，信息显示的用户正在执行特定的分析任务，比如进行比较。信息图形的设计应遵照支持分析任务的原则。正如William Cleveland和Robert McGill展示的那样，不同的图形元素或多或少地有效地实现了这一点。例如，圆点图和条形图的性能优于饼图。
In his 1983 book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines 'graphical displays' and principles for effective graphical display in the following passage:
In his 1983 book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines 'graphical displays' and principles for effective graphical display in the following passage:
在其1983年出版的《数量信息的视觉显示》一书中，Edward Tufte在以下章节中定义了“图形显示”和有效图形显示的原则:
"Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision and efficiency. Graphical displays should:
"Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision and efficiency. Graphical displays should:
"Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision and efficiency. Graphical displays should:
"Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision and efficiency. Graphical displays should:
“卓越的统计图表是由清晰、精确和高效地交流的复杂想法组成的。图形显示应当:
*show the data
*show the data
显示数据
*induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production or something else
*induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production or something else
引导观众去思考内容，而不是方法、图形设计、制图技术等
* avoid distorting what the data has to say
* avoid distorting what the data has to say
避免扭曲数据要表达的内容
*present many numbers in a small space
*present many numbers in a small space
将许多数字信息集中呈现于一个小的空间内
*make large data sets coherent
*make large data sets coherent
使大数据集连贯
*encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data
*encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data
鼓励使用眼睛去比较不同的数据片段
*reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure
*reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure
从不同的细节层次揭示数据，从广泛的概述到精细的结构
*serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation or decoration
*serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation or decoration
服务于一个合理明确的目的:描述，探索，表格化或装饰
*be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.
*be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.
使数据集的统计和文字描述紧密结合。
Graphics ''reveal'' data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations."<ref name=Tufte1983>{{cite book|last=Tufte|first=Edward|title=The Visual Display of Quantitative Information|year=1983|publisher=Graphics Press|location=Cheshire, Connecticut|isbn=0-9613921-4-2|url=https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft|access-date=2019-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114070823/http://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft|archive-date=2013-01-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
Graphics ''reveal'' data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations."<ref name=Tufte1983>{{cite book|last=Tufte|first=Edward|title=The Visual Display of Quantitative Information|year=1983|publisher=Graphics Press|location=Cheshire, Connecticut|isbn=0-9613921-4-2|url=https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft|access-date=2019-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114070823/http://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft|archive-date=2013-01-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
Graphics reveal data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations."
Graphics reveal data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations."
图形显示数据。的确，图形比传统的统计计算更精确、更能揭示真相。”
For example, the Minard diagram shows the losses suffered by Napoleon's army in the 1812–1813 period. Six variables are plotted: the size of the army, its location on a two-dimensional surface (x and y), time, direction of movement, and temperature. The line width illustrates a comparison (size of the army at points in time) while the temperature axis suggests a cause of the change in army size. This multivariate display on a two dimensional surface tells a story that can be grasped immediately while identifying the source data to build credibility. Tufte wrote in 1983 that: "It may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn."
For example, the Minard diagram shows the losses suffered by Napoleon's army in the 1812–1813 period. Six variables are plotted: the size of the army, its location on a two-dimensional surface (x and y), time, direction of movement, and temperature. The line width illustrates a comparison (size of the army at points in time) while the temperature axis suggests a cause of the change in army size. This multivariate display on a two dimensional surface tells a story that can be grasped immediately while identifying the source data to build credibility. Tufte wrote in 1983 that: "It may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn."
例如，米纳德图显示了拿破仑军队在1812-1813年间所遭受的损失。
其绘制了六个变量:军队的规模，它在二维表面上的位置(x和y)，时间，移动方向和温度。线的宽度显示了一个比较(军队在某一时刻的规模)，而温度轴显示了军队规模变化的原因。
这种二维表面上的多变量显示讲述了一个故事，可以立即被人理解，同时确定源数据以建立可信度。Tufte在1983年写道: “这可能是有史以来绘制的最好的统计图表。”
Not applying these principles may result in misleading graphs, which distort the message or support an erroneous conclusion. According to Tufte, chartjunk refers to extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message, or gratuitous three dimensional or perspective effects. Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself, requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key, is a form of "administrative debris." The ratio of "data to ink" should be maximized, erasing non-data ink where feasible.
Not applying these principles may result in misleading graphs, which distort the message or support an erroneous conclusion. According to Tufte, chartjunk refers to extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message, or gratuitous three dimensional or perspective effects. Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself, requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key, is a form of "administrative debris." The ratio of "data to ink" should be maximized, erasing non-data ink where feasible.
不应用这些原则可能会导致图表误导，扭曲信息或支持错误的结论。根据Tufte的说法，“图表垃圾”指的是没有增强信息的无关的图形内部装饰，或者是无意义的三维或透视效果。不必要地将解释的关键字从图像本身中分离出来，要求眼睛在图像和关键字之间来回移动，这是一种“管理碎片”。最大限度地提高“数据与墨水”的比例，在可行的情况下清除非数据着墨。
The Congressional Budget Office summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation. These included: a) Knowing your audience; b) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the context of the report; and c) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report.
The Congressional Budget Office summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation. These included: a) Knowing your audience; b) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the context of the report; and c) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report.
国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)在2014年6月的一次报告中总结了图形显示的几个最佳实践。其中包括:1)了解你的听众;b)设计能够独立于报告上下文之外的图形; c)设计能够传达报告中关键信息的图形。
==Quantitative messages==
==Quantitative messages==