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== Dimensions ==
 
== Dimensions ==
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[[File:Complex adaptive system.gif|thumb|Complex adaptive systems model]]
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[[文件:Complex adaptive system.gif|thumb|复杂自适应系统模型l]]
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Complex adaptive systems model
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[[Howard Bloom]] has discussed mass behavior – [[collective behavior]] from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of [[apoptosis]], [[parallel distributed processing]], [[group selection]], and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "[[complex adaptive systems]]" and the "[[genetic algorithms]]", concepts pioneered by [[John Henry Holland|John Holland]].
 
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复杂自适应系统模型
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[[Howard Bloom]] has discussed mass behavior – [[collective behavior]] from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of [[apoptosis]], [[parallel distributed processing]], [[group selection]], and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works.<ref>Howard Bloom, ''The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of History'', 1995</ref> Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "[[complex adaptive systems]]" and the "[[genetic algorithms]]", concepts pioneered by [[John Henry Holland|John Holland]].<ref name="bloom2000"/>
      
Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland.
 
Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland.
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霍华德 · 布鲁姆讨论了从夸克层次到细菌、植物、动物和人类社会层次的大规模行为-集体行为。他强调了生物学上的适应性,这种适应性把地球上的大多数生物变成了他所说的“学习机器”的组成部分。1986年,Bloom 将细胞凋亡、并行分布处理、群体选择和超个体等概念结合起来,提出了集体智慧是如何工作的理论。随后,他展示了如何用计算机生成的“复杂适应系统”和约翰 · 霍兰德率先提出的“遗传算法”来解释竞争细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能。
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霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为(从夸克到细菌,植物,动物和人类社会的群体行为)。他强调说,生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年,布卢姆将细胞凋亡Apoptosis,并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing,群体选择Group selection和超有机体Superorganism的概念结合在一起,产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来,他展示了如何用计算机生成的“复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems”和“遗传算法Genetic algorithms”来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能,当初这个概念是由约翰·霍兰德John Holland提出的。
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Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life.<ref name="bloom2000">Howard Bloom, ''Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century'', 2000</ref> Ant societies exhibit more intelligence, in terms of technology, than any other animal except for humans and co-operate in keeping livestock, for example [[aphid]]s for "milking".<ref name="bloom2000" /> Leaf cutters care for fungi and carry leaves to feed the fungi.<ref name="bloom2000" />
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Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life. Ant societies exhibit more intelligence, in terms of technology, than any other animal except for humans and co-operate in keeping livestock, for example [[aphid]]s for "milking".
    
Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life. Ant societies exhibit more intelligence, in terms of technology, than any other animal except for humans and co-operate in keeping livestock, for example aphids for "milking". Leaf cutters care for fungi and carry leaves to feed the fungi.
 
Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life. Ant societies exhibit more intelligence, in terms of technology, than any other animal except for humans and co-operate in keeping livestock, for example aphids for "milking". Leaf cutters care for fungi and carry leaves to feed the fungi.
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布鲁姆追溯集体智慧的进化可以追溯到10亿年前我们的细菌祖先,并演示了从生命开始以来多物种智慧是如何工作的。就技术而言,除了人类以外,蚂蚁社会比其他任何动物都更加聪明,在饲养家畜方面也更加合作,例如用于“挤奶”的蚜虫。切叶者照顾真菌,并携带叶子喂养真菌。
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布鲁姆追溯了10亿年前我们细菌祖先集体智能的演变过程,并展现出自生命开始以来多物种智慧是如何发挥作用的。类似蚂蚁社会在技术层面上,表现出了比人类社群以外的任何动物更多的智慧,它们合作饲养牲畜,例如“挤奶”的蚜虫。切叶蚁负责护理真菌,并用叶子喂食真菌。。
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[[David Skrbina]]<ref>Skrbina, D., 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164440/http://www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/publications/doc_theses_links/pdf/dt_ds_chapter8.pdf Participation, Organization, and Mind: Toward a Participatory Worldview], ch. 8, Doctoral Thesis, Centre for Action Research in Professional Practice, School of Management, University of Bath: England</ref> cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of [[panpsychism]] (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by [[Thomas Hobbes]] in "Leviathan" and [[Gustav Fechner|Fechner]]'s arguments for a [[collective consciousness]] of mankind. He cites [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]] as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Er3lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1&dq=david+skrbina+durkheim#v=onepage|title=Authenticity, Autonomy and Multiculturalism|last=Levey|first=Geoffrey Brahm|date=2015-05-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317535928}}</ref> and [[Teilhard de Chardin]] as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Panpsychism in the West|last=Skrbina|first=David F.|date=2007-01-26|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=9780262693516|edition=1}}</ref>
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[[David Skrbina]] cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of [[panpsychism]] (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by [[Thomas Hobbes]] in "Leviathan" and [[Gustav Fechner|Fechner]]'s arguments for a [[collective consciousness]] of mankind. He cites [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]] as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and [[Teilhard de Chardin]] as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.
    
David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.
 
David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.
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大卫 · 斯科比纳引用了“群体心智”的概念,认为这个概念来源于柏拉图的泛心理学(心智或意识无处不在,存在于所有物质中)。他发展了托马斯 · 霍布斯在《利维坦》和费希纳关于人类集体意识的论证中阐述的“群体心智”的概念。他认为涂尔干是“集体意识”最著名的倡导者,而 Chardin 是一位发展了集体意识的哲学含义的思想家。
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大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了“团体思想Group mind”的概念,该概念源自柏拉图的泛精神论Panpsychism(思想或意识无所不在,并存在于所有事物中)。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在“利维坦Leviathan”中表达的“团队意识”的概念,以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他引用了涂尔干Durkheim作为“集体意识”最著名的提倡者,并引用了泰勒哈德·德·夏尔丁Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家,泰勒哈德曾提出团队思维的哲学含义。
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Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome '[[groupthink]]' and individual [[cognitive bias]] in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration."<ref>George Pór, [http://www.community-intelligence.com/blogs/public Blog of Collective Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040802231025/http://www.community-intelligence.com/blogs/public |date=2 August 2004 }}</ref> Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action".<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|title=Collective Intelligence as a Field of Multi‐disciplinary Study and Practice|last=Atlee|first=Tom|date=|website=Community Intelligence|publisher=CommunityIntelligence. Ltd|access-date=December 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200827/http://community-intelligence.com/files/Atlee%20-%20Por%20-%20CI%20as%20a%20Field%20of%20multidisciplinary%20study%20and%20practice%20.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their approach is rooted in [[scientific community metaphor]].<ref name=":20" />
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Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome '[[groupthink]]' and individual [[cognitive bias]] in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in [[scientific community metaphor]].
    
Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor.
 
Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor.
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汤姆 · 阿特利主要关注人类和提升霍华德 · 布鲁姆所说的“群智商”的工作。艾特利认为,可以鼓励集体智慧“克服‘群体思维’和个人认知偏见,以便允许集体在一个过程中进行合作——同时提高智力表现。”乔治 · 皮尔将集体智慧现象定义为“人类社会通过差异化与整合、竞争与协作等创新机制向高阶复杂性与和谐发展的能力”Atlee 和 pr 指出,”集体智慧还包括实现单一关注焦点和提供适当行动阈值的衡量标准”。他们的方法植根于科学共同体的隐喻。
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汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee则主要关注人类,以及如何提升霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom所说的“群体智商”。阿特利认为,可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见,以使集体在一个过程中进行合作,同时实现更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力,即“人类社区通过差异化,融合,竞争和协作等创新机制,向更高层次复杂性协调发展”。阿特利和珀尔指出“集体智能还涉及实现注意力集中和度量标准的统一,从而提供适当的行动阈值”。
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The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity.<ref name=":0" /> The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction.<ref name=":11" /> The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.<ref name=":11"/>
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The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity.The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.
    
The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.
 
The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.
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群体智慧这个术语有时与集体智慧这个术语可以互换使用。安妮塔 · 伍利将集体智慧作为衡量群体智慧和群体创造力的标准。这种观点认为,集体智慧的衡量标准涵盖了群体的广泛特征,主要是群体组成和群体互动。导致群体集体智慧水平提高的组成特征包括群体中妇女人数较多以及群体多样性增加等标准。
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关于术语“团体智慧”有时可以与“集体智能”一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能,可以作为衡量团体智慧和创造力的方法。这个想法是,集体智能的度量能涵盖团体的广泛特征,主要包括团体组成和团体互动。导致团体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括:组中女性人数增加以及组内多样性增加等。
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Atlee and Pór suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily be seen as a human enterprise in which mind-sets, a willingness to share and an openness to the value of distributed intelligence for the common good are paramount, though group theory and [[artificial intelligence]] have something to offer.<ref name=":20" /> Individuals who respect collective intelligence are confident of their own abilities and recognize that the whole is indeed greater than the sum of any individual parts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leimeister|first=Jan Marco|date=2010-06-24|title=Collective Intelligence|journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering|volume=2|issue=4|pages=245–248|doi=10.1007/s12599-010-0114-8|url=http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/export/DL/221423.pdf}}</ref> Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member.<ref name=":21" /> [[Groupthink]] often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.<ref name=":20" />
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Atlee and Pór suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily be seen as a human enterprise in which mind-sets, a willingness to share and an openness to the value of distributed intelligence for the common good are paramount, though group theory and [[artificial intelligence]] have something to offer. Individuals who respect collective intelligence are confident of their own abilities and recognize that the whole is indeed greater than the sum of any individual parts. Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member.[[Groupthink]] often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.
    
Atlee and Pór suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily be seen as a human enterprise in which mind-sets, a willingness to share and an openness to the value of distributed intelligence for the common good are paramount, though group theory and artificial intelligence have something to offer. Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member. Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.
 
Atlee and Pór suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily be seen as a human enterprise in which mind-sets, a willingness to share and an openness to the value of distributed intelligence for the common good are paramount, though group theory and artificial intelligence have something to offer. Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member. Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.
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阿特里和皮尔认为,集体智慧领域首先应该被看作是一个人类企业,其中最重要的是思维定势、愿意分享以及对分布式智能的价值持开放态度,以实现共同利益,尽管群体理论和人工智能可以提供一些东西。集体智慧的最大化依赖于一个组织接受和发展“黄金建议”的能力,这是任何成员提供的任何潜在有用的投入。群体思维通常会限制对少数人的输入,或者过滤潜在的黄金建议,从而阻碍集体智慧的发展。
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阿特利和珀尔还认为,集体智能领域应首先被视为是全体人类的事业。尽管团体理论和人工智能可以提供一些帮助,但是当我们在这个巨大的公司内协作时,心态、分享的意愿,以及对分布式智慧共同利益的开放性尤为重要。尊重集体智能的个人对自己的能力充满信心,并意识到整体确实大于任何单个部分的总和。最大化集体智能取决于组织接受和制定“黄金建议”的能力,即任何成员都可能提供有用的信息。小组思考通常会通过将输入限制为少数几个人,或过滤掉潜在的“黄金建议”而阻碍地集体智能的发展和实施。
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[[Robert David Steele Vivas]] in ''The New Craft of Intelligence'' portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Craft of Intelligence: Personal, Public, & Political—Citizen's Action Handbook for Fighting Terrorism, Genocide, Disease, Toxic Bombs, & Corruption|last=Steele|first=Robert David|date=2002-04-08|publisher=Oss Pr|isbn=9780971566118|location=Oakton, Va.}}</ref>
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[[Robert David Steele Vivas]] in ''The New Craft of Intelligence'' portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head.
    
Robert David Steele Vivas in The New Craft of Intelligence portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head.
 
Robert David Steele Vivas in The New Craft of Intelligence portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head.
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在《情报的新工艺》一书中,罗伯特·大卫·斯蒂尔 · 维瓦斯将所有公民描绘成“情报一分钟人” ,仅仅依靠法律和道德信息来源,能够创造一种“公共情报” ,使公职人员和企业管理人员保持诚实,颠覆了“国家情报”(以前关注间谍和保密)的概念。
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罗伯特·戴维·斯蒂尔·维瓦斯Robert David Steele Vivas在《智慧前沿The New Craft of Intelligence》中将所有公民描绘为“情报干事”,仅利用法律和道德信息来源,就能够创造出使公共官员和公司经理保持诚信的“公共情报”,从而改变  高层的“国家情报”(以前涉及间谍和保密系统)。
          
[[File:Mass_collaboration.jpg|thumb|Stigmergic Collaboration: a theoretical framework for mass collaboration]]
 
[[File:Mass_collaboration.jpg|thumb|Stigmergic Collaboration: a theoretical framework for mass collaboration]]
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Stigmergic Collaboration: a theoretical framework for mass collaboration
 
Stigmergic Collaboration: a theoretical framework for mass collaboration
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全球行动: 通信技术的进步促使全球公司以低廉的管理费用崛起。互联网是普遍的,因此一个全球性的综合性公司没有地理边界,可以进入新的市场,思想和技术。
 
全球行动: 通信技术的进步促使全球公司以低廉的管理费用崛起。互联网是普遍的,因此一个全球性的综合性公司没有地理边界,可以进入新的市场,思想和技术。
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== Collective intelligence factor ''c'' ==
 
== Collective intelligence factor ''c'' ==
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