更改

Systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways.  They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of ecological-economic systems. In the words of R.L. Kitching:

Systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways.  They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of ecological-economic systems. In the words of R.L. Kitching:

系统生态学寻求生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换的'''<font color="#ff8000">整体的 Holistic</font>'''观点。系统生态学家意识到，任何生态系统的功能都可以从根本上受到人类经济学的影响。用R.L.Kitching的话来说就是，他们因此采取了额外的跨学科步骤，将经济学纳入生态经济系统的考虑。返回文章页面风筝:

系统生态学寻求生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换的'''<font color="#ff8000">整体的 Holistic</font>'''观点。系统生态学家意识到，任何生态系统的功能都可以从根本上受到人类经济学的影响。用R.L.Kitching的话来说就是，他们因此采取了额外的跨学科步骤，将经济学纳入'''<font color="#ff8000">生态经济 Ecological-economic</font>'''系统的考虑。返回文章页面风筝:

As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts.

As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts.

作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是能量学原理在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。也许这个观点最著名的支持者是霍华德 · t · 奥德姆，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了生态系统原理。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式类比推理，使系统生态学家能够看到原则以类似的方式跨越系统尺度边界发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常使用能源系统语言作为制作系统图和流程图的工具。

作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式类比推理，使系统生态学家能够看到原理以类似的方式跨越系统尺度边界发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常使用'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的工具。

这些原则中的第四条，即最大功率效率原则，在生态系统的分析和综合中占据中心地位。第四个原则认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能发生最有利于进化的变化。环境负荷与内阻的匹配越小，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像电子工程师一样，在生态工程中从事抵抗和阻抗匹配的任务。

这些原则中的第四条，即最大功率效率原则，在生态系统的分析和综合中占据中心地位。第四个原则认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能发生最有利于进化的变化。环境负荷与内阻的匹配越小，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像电子工程师一样，在生态工程中从事抵抗和阻抗匹配的任务。

==Closely related fields==

==Closely related fields==