where denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system, denotes the quantity of energy supplied to the system as heat, and denotes the amount of thermodynamic work (expressed here with a negative sign) done by the system on its surroundings. (An alternate sign convention not used in this article is to define as the work done on the system.) | where denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system, denotes the quantity of energy supplied to the system as heat, and denotes the amount of thermodynamic work (expressed here with a negative sign) done by the system on its surroundings. (An alternate sign convention not used in this article is to define as the work done on the system.) |