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第11行： − − One of the earliest thinkers of the modern age to postulate the potentials of artificial life, separate from [[artificial intelligence]], was math and computer prodigy [[John von Neumann]]. At the [[Hixon Symposium]], hosted by [[Linus Pauling]] in [[Pasadena, California]] in the late 1940s, von Neumann delivered a lecture titled "The General and Logical Theory of Automata." He defined an "automaton" as any machine whose behavior proceeded logically from step to step by combining information from the environment and its own programming, and said that natural organisms would in the end be found to follow similar simple rules. He also spoke about the idea of [[self-replicating machine]]s. He postulated a machine – a [[kinematic automaton]] – made up of a control computer, a construction arm, and a long series of instructions, floating in a lake of parts. By following the instructions that were part of its own body, it could create an identical machine. He followed this idea by creating (with [[Stanislaw Ulam]]) a purely logic-based automaton, not requiring a physical body but based on the changing states of the cells in an infinite grid – the first [[cellular automaton]]. It was extraordinarily complicated compared to later CAs, having hundreds of thousands of cells which could each exist in one of twenty-nine states, but von Neumann felt he needed the complexity in order for it to function not just as a self-replicating "machine", but also as a [[universal computer]] as defined by [[Alan Turing]]. This "[[Von Neumann universal constructor|universal constructor]]" read from a tape of instructions and wrote out a series of cells that could then be made active to leave a fully functional copy of the original machine and its tape. Von Neumann worked on his [[automata theory]] intensively right up to his death, and considered it his most important work. − − One of the earliest thinkers of the modern age to postulate the potentials of artificial life, separate from artificial intelligence, was math and computer prodigy John von Neumann. At the Hixon Symposium, hosted by Linus Pauling in Pasadena, California in the late 1940s, von Neumann delivered a lecture titled "The General and Logical Theory of Automata." He defined an "automaton" as any machine whose behavior proceeded logically from step to step by combining information from the environment and its own programming, and said that natural organisms would in the end be found to follow similar simple rules. He also spoke about the idea of self-replicating machines. He postulated a machine – a kinematic automaton – made up of a control computer, a construction arm, and a long series of instructions, floating in a lake of parts. By following the instructions that were part of its own body, it could create an identical machine. He followed this idea by creating (with Stanislaw Ulam) a purely logic-based automaton, not requiring a physical body but based on the changing states of the cells in an infinite grid – the first cellular automaton. It was extraordinarily complicated compared to later CAs, having hundreds of thousands of cells which could each exist in one of twenty-nine states, but von Neumann felt he needed the complexity in order for it to function not just as a self-replicating "machine", but also as a universal computer as defined by Alan Turing. This "universal constructor" read from a tape of instructions and wrote out a series of cells that could then be made active to leave a fully functional copy of the original machine and its tape. Von Neumann worked on his automata theory intensively right up to his death, and considered it his most important work. 第20行：
第16行： − + − − Edward F. Moore proposed "Artificial Living Plants", which would be floating factories which could create copies of themselves. They could be programmed to perform some function (extracting fresh water, harvesting minerals from seawater) for an investment that would be relatively small compared to the huge returns from the exponentially growing numbers of factories. Freeman Dyson also studied the idea, envisioning self-replicating machines sent to explore and exploit other planets and moons, and a NASA group called the Self-Replicating Systems Concept Team performed a 1980 study on the feasibility of a self-building lunar factory. − − 爱德华·摩尔(Edward F. Moore)提出了“人造活植物”的概念，这种植物是漂浮的工厂，它们可以创造自己的复制品。可以对它们进行程序设计，让它们发挥某些功能(提取淡水，从海水中提取矿物质)，与指数级增长的工厂才能带来巨大的回报相比，这项投资的规模相对较小。弗里曼·戴森(Freeman Dyson)也研究了这个想法，设想了可自我复制的机器被送去探索和开发其他行星和卫星，美国宇航局(NASA)一个名为“自我复制系统概念小组”(self- replication Systems Concept Team)的团队在1980年进行了一项关于在月球上自行建造工厂的可行性研究。 − − − − University of Cambridge professor [[John Horton Conway]] invented the most famous cellular automaton in the 1960s. He called it the [[Conway's Game of Life|Game of Life]], and publicized it through [[Martin Gardner]]'s column in ''[[Scientific American]]'' magazine. − − University of Cambridge professor John Horton Conway invented the most famous cellular automaton in the 1960s. He called it the Game of Life, and publicized it through Martin Gardner's column in Scientific American magazine. − − 20世纪60年代，剑桥大学(University of Cambridge)教授约翰·霍顿·康威(John Horton Conway)发明了最著名的细胞自动机。他称之为“生命游戏”，并通过《科学美国人》杂志的马丁·加德纳专栏进行宣传。 − − − − ==1970s–1980s== − 1970-1980年代 − − Philosophy scholar [[Arthur Burks]], who had worked with von Neumann (and indeed, organized his papers after Neumann's death), headed the Logic of Computers Group at the [[University of Michigan]]. He brought the overlooked views of 19th century American thinker [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] into the modern age. Peirce was a strong believer that all of nature's workings were based on logic (though not always deductive logic). The Michigan group was one of the few groups still interested in alife and CAs in the early 1970s; one of its students, [[Tommaso Toffoli]] argued in his PhD thesis that the field was important because its results explain the simple rules that underlay complex effects in nature. Toffoli later provided a key proof that CAs were [[Reversible computing|reversible]], just as the true universe is considered to be. − − Philosophy scholar Arthur Burks, who had worked with von Neumann (and indeed, organized his papers after Neumann's death), headed the Logic of Computers Group at the University of Michigan. He brought the overlooked views of 19th century American thinker Charles Sanders Peirce into the modern age. Peirce was a strong believer that all of nature's workings were based on logic (though not always deductive logic). The Michigan group was one of the few groups still interested in alife and CAs in the early 1970s; one of its students, Tommaso Toffoli argued in his PhD thesis that the field was important because its results explain the simple rules that underlay complex effects in nature. Toffoli later provided a key proof that CAs were reversible, just as the true universe is considered to be. − − 曾与冯·诺依曼共事(事实上，在诺依曼去世后整理了他的论文)的著名学者亚瑟·伯克(Arthur Burks)领导了密歇根大学(University of Michigan)的“计算机逻辑小组”(Logic of Computers Group)。他把19世纪美国思想家查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔斯（Charles Sanders Peirce）被忽视的观点带入现代。皮尔斯坚信自然界的一切活动都是基于逻辑的(尽管并不总是演绎逻辑)。 − 在20世纪70年代早期，密歇根大学的研究小组是少数几个仍然对生命和CAs感兴趣的研究小组之一;该小组的一名学生托马索·托福利(Tommaso Toffoli)在他的博士论文中指出，该领域非常重要，因为它的研究结果解释了自然界复杂效应背后的简单规则。托福利后来提供了一个关键的证据，证明CAs是可逆的，就像真正的宇宙被认为是可逆的一样。 − − − [[Christopher Langton]] was an unconventional researcher, with an undistinguished academic career that led him to a job programming [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] mainframes for a hospital. He became enthralled by Conway's Game of Life, and began pursuing the idea that the computer could emulate living creatures. After years of study (and a near-fatal hang-gliding accident), he began attempting to actualize Von Neumann's CA and the work of [[Edgar F. Codd]], who had simplified Von Neumann's original twenty-nine state monster to one with only eight states. He succeeded in creating the first self-replicating computer organism in October 1979, using only an [[Apple II]] desktop computer. He entered Burks' graduate program at the Logic of Computers Group in 1982, at the age of 33, and helped to found a new discipline. − − Christopher Langton was an unconventional researcher, with an undistinguished academic career that led him to a job programming DEC mainframes for a hospital. He became enthralled by Conway's Game of Life, and began pursuing the idea that the computer could emulate living creatures. After years of study (and a near-fatal hang-gliding accident), he began attempting to actualize Von Neumann's CA and the work of Edgar F. Codd, who had simplified Von Neumann's original twenty-nine state monster to one with only eight states. He succeeded in creating the first self-replicating computer organism in October 1979, using only an Apple II desktop computer. He entered Burks' graduate program at the Logic of Computers Group in 1982, at the age of 33, and helped to found a new discipline. − − 克里斯托弗·兰顿（Christopher Langton）是一位非传统的研究者，他平凡的学术生涯让他找到了一份为一家医院编程DEC大型机的工作。他被康威的“生命游戏”迷住了，并开始追求计算机可以模仿生物的想法。经过多年的研究(和一次几乎致命的悬挂式滑翔事故)，他开始尝试实现冯·诺依曼的CA和埃德加·科德（Edgar F. Codd）的工作，后者将冯·诺依曼最初的29个状态怪物简化为只有8个状态。1979年10月，他仅用一台Apple II型台式电脑就成功地创造出了第一台能够自我复制的计算机有机体。1982年，33岁的他加入了伯克在计算机逻辑小组的研究生课程，并帮助建立了一门新的学科。 + + − Langton's official conference announcement of Artificial Life I was the earliest description of a field which had previously barely existed:<ref>Langton, C.G. (1989) "Artificial Life", in ''Artificial Life'', Langton (ed), (Addison-Wesley:Reading, MA) page 1.</ref>+ + − Langton's official conference announcement of Artificial Life I was the earliest description of a field which had previously barely existed:+ − +
无编辑摘要
==1950-1970年代==
==1950-1970年代==
现代最早提出人工生命（独立于人工智能）潜力假说的思想家之一，是数学和计算机天才[[约翰·冯·诺依曼]](John von Neumann)。20世纪40年代末，[[莱纳斯·鲍林]]（Linus Pauling）在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳市举办了希克森研讨会，冯·诺依曼在会上发表了题为“自动机的一般逻辑理论”的演讲。他将“[[自动机]]”定义为：通过结合环境信息和自身编程，可逻辑化地逐步执行行为动作的任何机器，并表示，最终人们会发现自然生物也遵循着类似的简单规则。他还谈到了自我复制机器的想法。他设想了一台机器——一台自动运动的机器——由一台控制计算机、一个构造臂和一长串指令组成，漂浮在零部件的湖中。通过执行它自己身体的一部分的指令，它就能制造出一台完全相同的机器。他遵循这个想法，创建了一个纯粹基于逻辑的自动机(与[[Stanislaw Ulam]]一起)，不需要物理实体，而是基于无限网格中细胞状态的变化——这是第一个[[细胞自动机]]（[[元胞自动机]]、[[格状自动机]]）。与后来的CAs相比，它是非常复杂的，它有成千上万的细胞，每个细胞可以存在于29个状态中的一个，但是冯·诺依曼觉得他需要这种复杂性，以便它不仅能作为一个自我复制的“机器”运行，而且能像[[艾伦·图灵]]定义的那样成为一台通用计算机。这个“通用构造函数”读取指令磁带，并写出一系列单元格，这些单元格可以被激活，从而留下原始机器及其磁带的功能齐全的副本。冯·诺依曼一直致力于他的自动机理论，直到他去世，并认为这是他最重要的工作。
现代最早提出人工生命（独立于人工智能）潜力假说的思想家之一，是数学和计算机天才[[约翰·冯·诺依曼]](John von Neumann)。20世纪40年代末，[[莱纳斯·鲍林]]（Linus Pauling）在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳市举办了希克森研讨会，冯·诺依曼在会上发表了题为“自动机的一般逻辑理论”的演讲。他将“[[自动机]]”定义为：通过结合环境信息和自身编程，可逻辑化地逐步执行行为动作的任何机器，并表示，最终人们会发现自然生物也遵循着类似的简单规则。他还谈到了自我复制机器的想法。他设想了一台机器——一台自动运动的机器——由一台控制计算机、一个构造臂和一长串指令组成，漂浮在零部件的湖中。通过执行它自己身体的一部分的指令，它就能制造出一台完全相同的机器。他遵循这个想法，创建了一个纯粹基于逻辑的自动机(与[[Stanislaw Ulam]]一起)，不需要物理实体，而是基于无限网格中细胞状态的变化——这是第一个[[细胞自动机]]（[[元胞自动机]]、[[格状自动机]]）。与后来的CAs相比，它是非常复杂的，它有成千上万的细胞，每个细胞可以存在于29个状态中的一个，但是冯·诺依曼觉得他需要这种复杂性，以便它不仅能作为一个自我复制的“机器”运行，而且能像[[艾伦·图灵]]定义的那样成为一台通用计算机。这个“通用构造函数”读取指令磁带，并写出一系列单元格，这些单元格可以被激活，从而留下原始机器及其磁带的功能齐全的副本。冯·诺依曼一直致力于他的自动机理论，直到他去世，并认为这是他最重要的工作。
20世纪50年代，[[霍默•雅各布森]](Homer Jacobson)用一组模型火车说明了基本的自我复制——一个由“头”和“尾”车厢组成的种子“有机体”，只要有一个可供提取的新车厢随机池，就可以使用系统的简单规则，持续创造出与自身相同的新“有机体”。
20世纪50年代，[[霍默•雅各布森]](Homer Jacobson)用一组模型火车说明了基本的自我复制——一个由“头”和“尾”车厢组成的种子“有机体”，只要有一个可供提取的新车厢随机池，就可以使用系统的简单规则，持续创造出与自身相同的新“有机体”。
[[Edward F. Moore]] proposed "Artificial Living Plants", which would be floating factories which could create copies of themselves. They could be programmed to perform some function (extracting fresh water, harvesting minerals from seawater) for an investment that would be relatively small compared to the huge returns from the exponentially growing numbers of factories. [[Freeman Dyson]] also studied the idea, envisioning self-replicating machines sent to explore and exploit other planets and moons, and a NASA group called the Self-Replicating Systems Concept Team performed a 1980 study on the feasibility of a self-building lunar factory.
[[爱德华·摩尔]](Edward F. Moore)提出了“人造活植物”的概念，这种植物是漂浮的工厂，它们可以创造自己的复制品。可以对它们进行程序设计，让它们发挥某些功能(提取淡水，从海水中提取矿物质)，与指数级增长的工厂才能带来巨大的回报相比，这项投资的规模相对较小。[[弗里曼·戴森]](Freeman Dyson)也研究了这个想法，设想了可自我复制的机器被送去探索和开发其他行星和卫星，美国宇航局(NASA)一个名为“自我复制系统概念小组”(self- replication Systems Concept Team)的团队在1980年进行了一项关于在月球上自行建造工厂的可行性研究。
20世纪60年代，剑桥大学(University of Cambridge)教授[[约翰·霍顿·康威]](John Horton Conway)发明了最著名的细胞自动机。他称之为“[[生命游戏]]”，并通过[[《科学美国人》]]杂志的[[马丁·加德纳]]专栏进行宣传。
==1970-1980年代==
曾与冯·诺依曼共事(事实上，在诺依曼去世后整理了他的论文)的著名学者[[亚瑟·伯克]](Arthur Burks)领导了密歇根大学(University of Michigan)的“计算机逻辑小组”(Logic of Computers Group)。他把19世纪美国思想家[[查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔斯]]（Charles Sanders Peirce）被忽视的观点带入现代。皮尔斯坚信自然界的一切活动都是基于逻辑的(尽管并不总是演绎逻辑)。
在20世纪70年代早期，密歇根大学的研究小组是少数几个仍然对生命和CAs感兴趣的研究小组之一;该小组的一名学生[[托马索·托福利]](Tommaso Toffoli)在他的博士论文中指出，该领域非常重要，因为它的研究结果解释了自然界复杂效应背后的简单规则。托福利后来提供了一个关键的证据，证明CAs是可逆的，就像真正的宇宙被认为是可逆的一样。
[[克里斯托弗·兰顿]]（Christopher Langton）是一位非传统的研究者，他平凡的学术生涯让他找到了一份为一家医院编程DEC大型机的工作。他被康威的“生命游戏”迷住了，并开始追求计算机可以模仿生物的想法。经过多年的研究(和一次几乎致命的悬挂式滑翔事故)，他开始尝试实现冯·诺依曼的CA和[[埃德加·科德]]（Edgar F. Codd）的工作，后者将冯·诺依曼最初的29个状态怪物简化为只有8个状态。1979年10月，他仅用一台Apple II型台式电脑就成功地创造出了第一台能够自我复制的计算机有机体。1982年，33岁的他加入了伯克在计算机逻辑小组的研究生课程，并帮助建立了一门新的学科。
兰顿关于《人工生命》的官方会议公告是对这个之前几乎不存在的领域最早的描述:
兰顿关于《人工生命》的官方会议公告是对这个之前几乎不存在的领域最早的描述<ref>Langton, C.G. (1989) "Artificial Life", in ''Artificial Life'', Langton (ed), (Addison-Wesley:Reading, MA) page 1.</ref>: