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第45行： − + − On the ecological front, research regarding the evolution of animal cooperative behavior (started by W. D. Hamilton in the 1960s <ref>Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II. J. Theor.+ − − − − Biol. 7, 1–52 (1964).</ref><ref>Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, − − Biol. 7, 1–52 (1964).</ref><ref>Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, − − Biol.7,1-52(1964) . / ref Axelrod，r. & Hamilton，W.d. 合作的演变。科学211, − − 1390–1396 (1981).</ref> resulting in theories of kin selection, reciprocity, multilevel selection and cultural group selection) was re-introduced via artificial life by [[Peter Turchin]] and Mikhail Burtsev in 2006. Previously, [[game theory]] has been utilized in similar investigation, however, that approach was deemed to be rather limiting in its amount of possible strategies and debatable set of payoff rules. The alife model designed here, instead, is based upon [[Conway's Game of Life]] but with much added complexity (there are over 10<sup>1000</sup> strategies that can potentially emerge). Most significantly, the interacting agents are characterized by external phenotype markers which allows for recognition amongst in-group members. In effect, it is shown that given the capacity to perceive these markers, agents within the system are then able to evolve new group behaviors under minimalistic assumptions. On top of the already known strategies of the bourgeois-[[hawk-dove game]], here two novel modes of cooperative attack and defense arise from the simulation. − − 1390–1396 (1981).</ref> resulting in theories of kin selection, reciprocity, multilevel selection and cultural group selection) was re-introduced via artificial life by Peter Turchin and Mikhail Burtsev in 2006. Previously, game theory has been utilized in similar investigation, however, that approach was deemed to be rather limiting in its amount of possible strategies and debatable set of payoff rules. The alife model designed here, instead, is based upon Conway's Game of Life but with much added complexity (there are over 10<sup>1000</sup> strategies that can potentially emerge). Most significantly, the interacting agents are characterized by external phenotype markers which allows for recognition amongst in-group members. In effect, it is shown that given the capacity to perceive these markers, agents within the system are then able to evolve new group behaviors under minimalistic assumptions. On top of the already known strategies of the bourgeois-hawk-dove game, here two novel modes of cooperative attack and defense arise from the simulation. − − 在此之前，博弈论被用于类似的研究，然而，该方法被认为是数量相当有限的可能策略和有争议的支付规则集。相反，这里设计的人工生命模型是基于康威的生命游戏，但增加了很多复杂性(可能会出现超过10<sup>1000</sup>种策略)。最重要的是，相互作用的因子具有外部表型标记，可在组内成员之间识别。实际上，它表明，如果有能力感知这些标记，系统内的因子就能够在最简假设下进化出新的群体行为。在已知的资产阶级-鹰派-鸽派对策策略之上，这里有两种新颖的合作攻击和防御模式从模拟中产生。 第101行：
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→2000年
==2000年==
==2000年==
On the ecological front, research regarding the evolution of animal cooperative behavior (started by [[W. D. Hamilton]] in the 1960s <ref>Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II. J. Theor.
On the ecological front, research regarding the evolution of animal cooperative behavior (started by [[W. D. Hamilton]] in the 1960s <ref>Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II. J. Theor.Biol. 7, 1–52 (1964).</ref><ref>Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211,1390–1396 (1981).</ref> resulting in theories of kin selection, reciprocity, multilevel selection and cultural group selection) was re-introduced via artificial life by [[Peter Turchin]] and Mikhail Burtsev in 2006. Previously, [[game theory]] has been utilized in similar investigation, however, that approach was deemed to be rather limiting in its amount of possible strategies and debatable set of payoff rules. The alife model designed here, instead, is based upon [[Conway's Game of Life]] but with much added complexity (there are over 10<sup>1000</sup> strategies that can potentially emerge). Most significantly, the interacting agents are characterized by external phenotype markers which allows for recognition amongst in-group members. In effect, it is shown that given the capacity to perceive these markers, agents within the system are then able to evolve new group behaviors under minimalistic assumptions. On top of the already known strategies of the bourgeois-[[hawk-dove game]], here two novel modes of cooperative attack and defense arise from the simulation.
在生态方面，2006年，[[彼得·图尔钦]]（Peter Turchin）和[[米哈伊尔·伯切夫]]（Mikhail Burtsev）通过人工生命重新引入了关于动物合作行为进化的研究(由上世纪60年代的汉密尔顿（W. D. Hamilton）发起，产生了亲缘选择、互惠、多层次选择和文化群体选择等理论)。在此之前，博弈论被用于类似的研究，然而，该方法被认为是数量相当有限的可能策略和有争议的支付规则集。相反，这里设计的人工生命模型是基于康威的生命游戏，但增加了很多复杂性(可能会出现超过10<sup>1000</sup>种策略)。最重要的是，相互作用的因子具有外部表型标记，可在组内成员之间识别。实际上，它表明，如果有能力感知这些标记，系统内的因子就能够在最简假设下进化出新的群体行为。在已知的资产阶级-鹰派-鸽派对策策略之上，这里有两种新颖的合作攻击和防御模式从模拟中产生。
在生态方面，2006年，[[彼得·图尔钦]]（Peter Turchin）和[[米哈伊尔·伯切夫]]（Mikhail Burtsev）通过人工生命重新引入了关于动物合作行为进化的研究(由上世纪60年代的汉密尔顿（W. D. Hamilton）发起，产生了亲缘选择、互惠、多层次选择和文化群体选择等理论)。
创造人工生命细胞模型的工作也在进行中。作为许多不同研究项目的一部分，建立细胞行为的完整生化模型的初步工作正在进行中，即蓝色基因项目，该项目旨在了解蛋白质折叠背后的机制。
创造人工生命细胞模型的工作也在进行中。作为许多不同研究项目的一部分，建立细胞行为的完整生化模型的初步工作正在进行中，即蓝色基因项目，该项目旨在了解蛋白质折叠背后的机制。
== See also ==
== See also ==