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The number of infections equals the cases identified in the study or observed. An example might by HIV infection during a specific time period in the defined population. The population at risk are the cases appearing in the population during the same time period. An example would be all the people in a city during a specific time period. The constant, or K is assigned a value of 100 to represent a percentage. An example would be to find the percentage of people in a city who are infected with HIV: 6,000 cases in March divided by the population of a city (one million) multiplied by the constant (K) would give an infection rate of 0.6%. Calculating the infection rate is used to analyze trends for the purpose of infection and disease control.<ref name="Calculation of Infection Rates">"Calculation of Infection Rates" (PDF) [https://pattern.swarma.org/paper?id=b91add02-140f-11eb-bd25-0242ac1a0007 Calculation of Infection Rates]. Utah Department of Health. 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-09.</ref>

The number of infections equals the cases identified in the study or observed. An example might by HIV infection during a specific time period in the defined population. The population at risk are the cases appearing in the population during the same time period. An example would be all the people in a city during a specific time period. The constant, or K is assigned a value of 100 to represent a percentage. An example would be to find the percentage of people in a city who are infected with HIV: 6,000 cases in March divided by the population of a city (one million) multiplied by the constant (K) would give an infection rate of 0.6%. Calculating the infection rate is used to analyze trends for the purpose of infection and disease control.<ref>{{cite web | title = Calculation of Infection Rates|url = http://health.utah.gov/epi/diseases/HAI/resources/Cal_Inf_Rates.pdf |publisher = Utah Department of Health|date= 2017| accessdate = 2017-01-09 }}</ref>

感染数量等于研究中确诊或观察到的病例。 一个例子可能是在特定时期内确诊人群中的HIV感染。处于风险中的人口数目是同一时期内人口数目。一个示例是特定时间段内城市中的所有人。常数K被赋值等于100，以表示百分比。例如，要找到一个城市中感染艾滋病毒的人口百分比：3月的时候有6,000例病例除以一个城市人口（一百万）乘以常数（K）得出的感染率为0.6％。计算感染率通常是被用于分析趋势，以达到控制感染和疾病的目的。

感染数量等于研究中确诊或观察到的病例。 一个例子可能是在特定时期内确诊人群中的HIV感染。处于风险中的人口数目是同一时期内人口数目。一个示例是特定时间段内城市中的所有人。常数K被赋值等于100，以表示百分比。例如，要找到一个城市中感染艾滋病毒的人口百分比：3月的时候有6,000例病例除以一个城市人口（一百万）乘以常数（K）得出的感染率为0.6％。计算感染率通常是被用于分析趋势，以达到控制感染和疾病的目的。

An online infection rate calculator has been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that allows the determination of the Streptococcal A infection rate in a population.

An online infection rate calculator has been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that allows the determination of the Streptococcal A infection rate in a population.<ref>{{cite web | title = Group A Streptococcus Calculator | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date= 4 July 2008 |url = https://www2a.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/calc/calc_new/calculator.html | accessdate = 2017-01-09  }}</ref>

疾病控制与预防中心已经开发了一个在线感染率计算器，可以确定人群中链球菌A的感染率。

疾病控制与预防中心已经开发了一个在线感染率计算器，可以确定人群中链球菌A的感染率。

== 临床应用 Clinical applications ==

== 临床应用 Clinical applications ==

Health care facilities routinely track their infection rates according to the guidelines issued by the Joint Commission.[3] The healthcare-associated infection (HAI) rates measure infection of patients in a particular hospital. This allows rates to compared with other hospitals. These infections can often be prevented when healthcare facilities follow guidelines for safe care. To get payment from Medicare, hospitals are required to report data about some infections to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Hospitals currently submit information on central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), MRSA Bacteremia, and C. difficile laboratory-identified events. The public reporting of these data is an effort by the Department of Health and Human Services.[4]

Health care facilities routinely track their infection rates according to the guidelines issued by the Joint Commission.<ref>{{cite web | title= Basic Statistical Data Used in Acute Care Facilities | publisher = JB Learning | url = http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763750344/45561_CH01.pdf | accessdate = 2017-01-09  }}</ref> The healthcare-associated infection (HAI) rates measure infection of patients in a particular hospital. This allows rates to compared with other hospitals. These infections can often be prevented when healthcare facilities follow guidelines for safe care. To get payment from Medicare, hospitals are required to report data about some infections to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Hospitals currently submit information on central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), MRSA Bacteremia, and C. difficile laboratory-identified events. The public reporting of these data is an effort by the Department of Health and Human Services.<ref>{{cite web | title = Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) data | publisher = Medicare.gov| url = https://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare/Data/Healthcare-Associated-Infections.html | accessdate = 2017-01-09  }}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

卫生保健机构根据联合委员会发布的准则，定期跟踪其感染率。[3] 医疗保健相关感染（HAI）率用于衡量特定医院中患者的感染情况。 这样可以将感染率与其他医院相比。 当医疗机构遵循安全护理指南时，通常可以预防这些感染。 为了从Medicare获得付款，医院必须向疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的国家医疗安全网络（NHSN）报告有关某些感染的数据。 医院目前提交有关中心线相关的血液感染（CLABSI），导管相关的尿路感染（CAUTI），手术部位感染（SSI），MRSA细菌血症和艰难梭菌实验室鉴定事件的信息。 这些数据的公开报告是卫生与公共服务部的一项工作。[4]

卫生保健机构根据联合委员会发布的准则，定期跟踪其感染率。医疗保健相关感染（HAI）率用于衡量特定医院中患者的感染情况。 这样可以将感染率与其他医院相比。 当医疗机构遵循安全护理指南时，通常可以预防这些感染。 为了从Medicare获得付款，医院必须向疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的国家医疗安全网络（NHSN）报告有关某些感染的数据。 医院目前提交有关中心线相关的血液感染（CLABSI），导管相关的尿路感染（CAUTI），手术部位感染（SSI），MRSA细菌血症和艰难梭菌实验室鉴定事件的信息。 这些数据的公开报告是卫生与公共服务部的一项工作。

For meaningful comparisons of infection rates, populations must be very similar between the two or more assessments. However, a problem with mean rates is that they cannot reflect differences in risk between populations.

For meaningful comparisons of infection rates, populations must be very similar between the two or more assessments. However, a problem with mean rates is that they cannot reflect differences in risk between populations.<ref>{{cite web | title= NHSN Standardized Infection Ratio |url = https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/ps-analysis-resources/nhsn-sir-guide.pdf | accessdate = 2017-01-09 | date= December 2016 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

为了有意义地比较感染率，两次或更多次评估之间的人群必须非常相似。 但是，平均感染率存在的问题是它们无法反映人群之间的风险差异。

为了有意义地比较感染率，两次或更多次评估之间的人群必须非常相似。 但是，平均感染率存在的问题是它们无法反映人群之间的风险差异。

* [http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/wiki/index.php/Epidemiology:_The_SIR_model SIR model: Online experiments with JSXGraph]

* [http://shea-online.org The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America]  epidemiologists or  physicians in infection control.

 

* [http://www.apic.org Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology] infection  prevention and control professionals.

*{{cite web |title=Simulating an epidemic |work=[[3Blue1Brown]] |date=March 27, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxAaO2rsdIs |via=[[YouTube]] }}

* [http://www.cbic.org The Certification Board of Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.]