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第1行： − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{Other uses}}+ − − − − − + − − − − − − 第24行：
第14行： + + 第29行：
第21行： − 同步是协调事件以统一操作系统。例如，管弦乐队的指挥使管弦乐队保持同步或及时。全部同步运行的系统称为同步系统或同步系统，而非同步系统则称为异步系统。+ − − 第42行：
第32行： − − − − == Transport == − 运输+ − − − − Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks has been a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation. Before radio navigation and satellite-based navigation, navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled. The invention of an accurate marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, important ports provided time signals in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping time ball so that mariners could check their chronometers for error. − − 时钟的保时与同步一直是远洋航行中的一个关键问题。在无线电导航和卫星导航之前，导航员需要精确的时间和天文观测来确定他们的船向东或向西航行了多远。精确航海时计的发明彻底改变了海上航行。到19世纪末，重要的港口以信号枪、旗帜或时间球的形式提供时间信号，这样航海者就可以检查他们的计时器是否有错误。 − − − + − Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in [[Local mean time|local time]] between nearby towns to be noticeable. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard [[Time zone#Railroad time|railroad time]]. In some territories, companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local [[mean solar time]] in favor of that standard.+ − Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in local time between nearby towns to be noticeable. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railroad time. In some territories, companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean solar time in favor of that standard. − 在19世纪的铁路运营中，时间的同步是非常重要的，这是第一种主要的运输方式，速度之快足以引起附近城镇之间当地时间的明显差异。每条铁路线通过将所有车站与总部同步作为标准铁路时间来处理这个问题。在一些地区，公司共用一条铁路轨道，需要避免碰撞。由于需要严格的计时，这些公司选择了一个标准，民政部门最终放弃了当地的平均太阳时，转而采用这个标准。 + + + − == Communication == − − 沟通 − − 第85行：
第59行： − 在电气工程术语中，对于数字逻辑和数据传输，同步电路需要一个时钟信号。然而，“时钟”这个词在这个意义上的使用不同于典型意义上的时钟作为一种记录一天时间的装置; 时钟信号仅仅标志着某个时间周期的开始和 / 或结束，通常是非常分钟(以微秒或纳秒计量) ，而这个时间周期与恒星、太阳或月球时间，或与任何其他分钟、小时和日子流逝的测量系统有着任意的关系。+ − − 第95行：
第67行： − + − − 第108行：
第78行： − − − + − + − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − ** [[Frame synchronization (video)]] − − − − − − − − == Dynamical systems == − − 动力系统 − − 第173行：
第115行： − + − − 当系统是自治振子时，多个相互作用的动力系统可以发生同步。例如，当耦合强度(频率单位)大于自由运行的固有振荡器频率之间的差异时，具有双向(对称)或单向耦合的集成激发振荡器可以同步。庞加莱相位振荡器是一种模型系统，它可以在随机或规则的网络中进行交互和部分同步。在相位振荡器全局同步的情况下，当耦合强度超过一个临界阈值时，就会发生从不同步到完全同步的突变。这就是仓本模型的相变。同步是一个突现的性质，发生在广泛的动态系统，包括神经信号，心脏的跳动和同步的消防蝇光波。 − + 第183行：
第123行： − == Human movement ==+ − 人类的运动+ + − Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Condon|first=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005}}</ref> This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref> [[Muscular bonding]] is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Keeping_Together_in_Time.html?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref> This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion. − − Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned. This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay. Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions. This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion. − − 运动同步定义为两个或两个以上时间排列的人之间相似的运动。这与模仿不同，因为这些动作是在短暂的延迟之后发生的。肌肉粘合是指时间的移动能够唤起特定的情感。这引发了一些关于运动同步及其对人类情感影响的第一次研究。 − − − − − − In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dong|first=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref> cooperation and trust<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}{{Failed verification|date=October 2019}}</ref>. [[Military step]] has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In [[Dyad (sociology)|dyads]], groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref> self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lumsden|first=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090}}</ref> compassion and altruistic behaviour<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valdesolo|first=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref> and increase rapport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vacharkulksemsuk|first=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref> During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paxton|first=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888}}</ref> There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.<ref name=":0" /> This is known as interpersonal synchrony. − − In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity, cooperation and trust. Military step has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In dyads, groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation, self-esteem, compassion and altruistic behaviour and increase rapport. During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors. There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad. This is known as interpersonal synchrony. − − 在群体中，运动的同步性被证明可以增加顺从性、合作性和信任度。军事步骤一直被用于这些目的，但需要更多的研究组同步，以确定其对群体作为一个整体和群体中的个人的影响。在两人一组的情况下，同步性被证明可以增加亲密关系、自尊、同情心和利他行为，并且增加融洽的关系。在争吵过程中，争吵双方之间的同步性降低了，但是不清楚这是由于情绪的变化还是其他因素。有证据表明，运动同步需要其他人产生其有益的效果，因为当其中一个二元体使他们的运动同步到二元体之外的某个东西时，对联系的效果不会发生。这就是所谓的人际同步。 − − − − − − There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reddish|first=Paul|last2=Fischer|first2=Ronald|last3=Bulbulia|first3=Joseph|date=1 January 2013|title=Let's dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation|journal=PLOS One|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e71182|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071182|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3737148|pmid=23951106|bibcode=2013PLoSO...871182R}}</ref> More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellamil|first=Melissa|last2=Berson|first2=Josh|last3=Margulies|first3=Daniel S.|date=1 January 2016|title=Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=7|pages=1744|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01744|pmc=5101201|pmid=27881968}}</ref> − − There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony. More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony. − 在这些研究中，关于同步的真正影响一直存在争议。这一领域的研究详细说明了同步的积极影响，认为这仅仅是同步的结果; 然而，许多实验都包含了达到同步的共同意图。实际上，合作模型的强化表明，对同步的感知会导致合作正在发生的强化，从而导致同步的有利于社会的影响。需要更多的研究来区分意向性的效果和同步性的有利效果。+ + − == Uses == − − 用途 − − − − − − + + − − − − − − + − + − − − Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important. − − 有些系统可能只是近似同步的，或者是同步的。有些应用程序要求确定事件之间的相对偏移量。对于其他人来说，只有事件的顺序才是重要的。 − − − − == See also == − − 参见 − − − − {{cmn|colwidth=18em| − − 18em | − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + + − − − − − − − − − − − − Order synchronization and related topics: − − 订单同步和相关主题: − − + + − − − − − − − − − − 第441行：
第263行： − Video and audio engineering+ − 视频和音频工程+ − − − − + + 第461行：
第281行： + − + − − − Aircraft gun engineering: − − 返回文章页面机枪工程: − − − − − − Compare with: − − 比较: − − − − }} − − }} − − − − == References == − − 参考资料 − − − − − − ==External links== − − 外部链接 − − − − − − * J. Domański [http://en.synesthesia.domanski.pro/theory/synchronization/ "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film"] − − − − − − − − {{Authority control}} − − − − − − − − [[Category:Synchronization| ]] − − − − [[Category:Systems]]
Moved page from wikipedia:en:Synchronization (history)
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同步舞者
同步舞者
'''Synchronization''' is the coordination of events to operate a [[system]] in unison. For example, the [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or ''in time''. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be '''synchronous''' or ''in sync''—and those that are not are ''[[Asynchronous system|asynchronous]]''.
'''Synchronization''' is the coordination of events to operate a [[system]] in unison. For example, the [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or ''in time''. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be '''synchronous''' or ''in sync''—and those that are not are ''[[Asynchronous system|asynchronous]]''.
Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync—and those that are not are asynchronous.
Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync—and those that are not are asynchronous.
同步是协调事件以统一操作系统。例如，管弦乐队的指挥使管弦乐队保持同步或及时。如果系统的所有部分都处于同步状态，那么这些系统就称为同步系统或同步系统，而非同步系统则称为异步系统。
== Transport ==
== Transport ==
Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks is a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation. Before [[radio navigation]] and [[Radionavigation-satellite service|satellite-based navigation]], navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled. The invention of an accurate [[marine chronometer]] revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, important ports provided [[time signal]]s in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping [[time ball]] so that mariners could check and correct their chronometers for error.
Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks has been a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation. Before [[radio navigation]] and [[Radionavigation-satellite service|satellite-based navigation]], navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled. The invention of an accurate [[marine chronometer]] revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, important ports provided [[time signal]]s in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping [[time ball]] so that mariners could check their chronometers for error.
Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks is a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation. Before radio navigation and satellite-based navigation, navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled. The invention of an accurate marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, important ports provided time signals in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping time ball so that mariners could check and correct their chronometers for error.
时钟的保时与同步是远程海洋导航中的一个关键问题。在无线电导航和卫星导航之前，导航员需要精确的时间和天文观测来确定他们的船向东或向西航行了多远。精确航海时计的发明彻底改变了海上航行。到了19世纪末，重要的港口以信号枪、旗帜或时间球的形式提供时间信号，以便水手能够检查和纠正他们的计时器的错误。
Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th-century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in [[local mean time]] between nearby towns to be noticeable. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard [[railway time]]. In some territories, companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean time in favor of railway time.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]-->
Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th-century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in local mean time between nearby towns to be noticeable. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railway time. In some territories, companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean time in favor of railway time.<!--User:Kvng/RTH-->
在19世纪的铁路运营中，同步化是非常重要的，这是第一种主要的运输方式，速度足够快，因此附近城镇之间的当地平均时间差异非常明显。每条线路通过将所有车站与总部同步作为标准的铁路时间来处理这个问题。在一些地区，公司共用一条铁路轨道，需要避免碰撞。由于严格计时的需要，这些公司采用了一个标准，民政部门最终放弃了当地的平均时间，转而采用铁路计时。< ! -- 用户: kvng/rth-- >
== Communication ==
== Communication ==
{{further|Synchronization in telecommunications}}
{{further|Synchronization in telecommunications}}
In [[electrical engineering]] terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a [[synchronous circuit]] requires a [[clock signal]]. However, the use of the word "clock" in this sense is different from the typical sense of a clock as a device that keeps track of time-of-day; the clock signal simply signals the start and/or end of some time period, often very minute (measured in microseconds or nanoseconds), that has an arbitrary relationship to sidereal, solar, or lunar time, or to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days.
In [[electrical engineering]] terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a [[synchronous circuit]] requires a [[clock signal]]. However, the use of the word "clock" in this sense is different from the typical sense of a clock as a device that keeps track of time-of-day; the clock signal simply signals the start and/or end of some time period, often very minute (measured in microseconds or nanoseconds), that has an arbitrary relationship to sidereal, solar, or lunar time, or to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days.
In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous circuit requires a clock signal. However, the use of the word "clock" in this sense is different from the typical sense of a clock as a device that keeps track of time-of-day; the clock signal simply signals the start and/or end of some time period, often very minute (measured in microseconds or nanoseconds), that has an arbitrary relationship to sidereal, solar, or lunar time, or to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days.
In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous circuit requires a clock signal. However, the use of the word "clock" in this sense is different from the typical sense of a clock as a device that keeps track of time-of-day; the clock signal simply signals the start and/or end of some time period, often very minute (measured in microseconds or nanoseconds), that has an arbitrary relationship to sidereal, solar, or lunar time, or to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days.
在电气工程术语中，对于数字逻辑和数据传输，同步电路需要一个时钟信号。然而，“时钟”这个词在这个意义上的使用不同于时钟作为一种记录一天时间的装置的典型意义; 时钟信号仅仅标志着某个时间周期的开始和/或结束，通常是非常分钟(以微秒或纳秒计量) ，这个时间周期与恒星、太阳或月球时间，或与任何其他分钟、小时和天的流逝的测量系统有任意的关系。
In a different sense, electronic systems are sometimes synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near-simultaneous from a certain perspective. (Albert Einstein proved in 1905 in his first relativity paper that there actually are no such things as absolutely simultaneous events.) Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network Time Protocol (NTP) provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications of this kind.
In a different sense, electronic systems are sometimes synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near-simultaneous from a certain perspective. (Albert Einstein proved in 1905 in his first relativity paper that there actually are no such things as absolutely simultaneous events.) Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network Time Protocol (NTP) provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications of this kind.
从另一个意义上说，电子系统有时是同步的，以使远距离的事件从某种角度看似乎是同时发生的或近乎同时发生的。(阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦在1905年的第一篇相对论文章中证明，事实上并不存在绝对同时发生的事情。)全球定位系统卫星和网络时间协议(NTP)等计时技术提供了接近协调世界时时标的实时接入，并被用于许多此类地面同步应用。
从另一个意义上说，电子系统有时是同步的，以使远距离的事件从某种角度看似乎是同时发生的或近乎同时发生的。(阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦在1905年他的第一篇相对论论文中证明，事实上并不存在绝对同时发生的事情。)全球定位系统卫星和网络时间协议(NTP)等计时技术提供了接近协调世界时时间尺度的实时接入，并用于许多此类地面同步应用。
* [[Synchronization (computer science)|Computer science]] (In computer science, especially [[parallel computing]], synchronization refers to the coordination of simultaneous [[thread (computing)|threads]] or [[Process (computing)|processes]] to complete a task with correct runtime order and no unexpected [[race condition]]s.)
* [[Synchronization (computer science)|Computer science]] (In computer science, especially [[parallel computing]], synchronization refers to the coordination of simultaneous [[thread (computing)|threads]] or [[Process (computing)|processes]] to complete a task with correct runtime order and no unexpected [[race condition]]s.)
* [[Cryptography]]
* [[Cryptography]]
* [[Lip sync]]
* [[Multimedia]]
* [[Multimedia]]
* [[Rhythm]]
* Music (rhythm)
* [[Neural synchronization|Neuroscience]]
* [[Neural synchronization|Neuroscience]]
* Photography
* Photography
* [[Physics]] (The idea of [[simultaneity]] has many difficulties, both in practice and theory.)
* [[Physics]] (The idea of [[simultaneity]] has many difficulties, both in practice and theory.)
* [[Oscillator sync|Synthesizers]]
* [[Oscillator sync|Synthesizers]]
* Telecommunication
* Telecommunication
** [[Frame synchronization]]
** [[Frame synchronization]]
** [[Synchronization (video)]]
== Dynamical systems ==
== Dynamical systems ==
{{See also|Synchronization of chaos}}
{{See also|Synchronization of chaos}}
[[File:Wesphysdemo - Synchronized Metronomes.webm|thumb|275px|A mechanical demonstration of synchronization of oscillators: [[metronome]]s, initially out of phase, synchronize through small motions of the base on which they are placed]]
[[File:Wesphysdemo - Synchronized Metronomes.webm|thumb|275px|A mechanical demonstration of synchronization of oscillators: [[metronome]]s, initially out of phase, synchronize through small motions of the base on which they are placed]]
Synchronization of multiple interacting [[dynamical system]]s can occur when the systems are [[Self-oscillation|autonomous oscillators]]. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.<ref name="Nolte">{{cite book | first = David | last = Nolte | title = Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2015 }}</ref> In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the [[Kuramoto model]] phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
Synchronization of multiple interacting [[dynamical system]]s can occur when the systems are [[Self-oscillation|autonomous oscillators]]. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.<ref name="Nolte">{{cite book | first = David | last = Nolte | title = Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2015 }}</ref> In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the [[Kuramoto model]] phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks. In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks. This is known as interpersonal synchrony.
当系统是自治振子时，多个相互作用的动力系统可以发生同步。例如，当耦合强度(频率单位)大于自由运行的固有振荡器频率之间的差异时，具有双向(对称)或单向耦合的集成激发振荡器可以同步。庞加莱相位振荡器是一种模型系统，它可以在随机或规则的网络中相互作用和部分同步。这就是所谓的人际同步。
== Human movement ==
== Human movement ==
There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony. More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.
在这些研究中，关于同步的真正影响一直存在争议。这一领域的研究详细说明了同步的积极影响，认为这仅仅是同步的结果; 然而，许多实验都包含了达到同步的共同意图。事实上，合作模型的强化表明，对同步的感知会导致合作正在发生的强化，从而导致同步的亲社会效应。需要进行更多的研究，以区分意向性的效果和同步性的有利效果。
{{primary sources|section|date=February 2017}}
{{primary sources|section|date=February 2017}}
Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Condon|first1=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005|s2cid=19384588}}</ref> This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref> [[Muscular bonding]] is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref> This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.
In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref> cooperation and trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2019}} [[Military step]] has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In [[Dyad (sociology)|dyads]], groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref> self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumsden|first1=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090}}</ref> compassion and altruistic behaviour<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valdesolo|first1=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref> and increase rapport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vacharkulksemsuk|first1=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref> During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paxton|first1=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888|s2cid=9565508}}</ref> There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.<ref name=":0" /> This is known as interpersonal synchrony.
There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reddish|first1=Paul|last2=Fischer|first2=Ronald|last3=Bulbulia|first3=Joseph|date=1 January 2013|title=Let's dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e71182|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071182|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3737148|pmid=23951106|bibcode=2013PLoSO...871182R}}</ref> More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ellamil|first1=Melissa|last2=Berson|first2=Josh|last3=Margulies|first3=Daniel S.|date=1 January 2016|title=Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=7|pages=1744|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01744|pmc=5101201|pmid=27881968}}</ref>
== Uses ==
== Uses ==
{{prose|section|date=May 2019}}
{{prose|section|date=May 2019}}
* Film synchronization of image and sound in [[sound film]]. Synchronization is important in fields such as [[digital telephony]], video and [[digital audio]] where streams of sampled data are manipulated. More sophisticated film, video, and [[sound|audio]] applications use [[time code]] to synchronize audio and video.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
* Film synchronization of image and sound in [[sound film]]. Synchronization is important in fields such as [[digital telephony]], video and [[digital audio]] where streams of sampled data are manipulated. More sophisticated film, video, and [[sound|audio]] applications use [[time code]] to synchronize audio and video.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
* Synchronization of video frames from multiple cameras for [[3D reconstruction]]<ref>Moore, Carl, et al. "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5636714/ Synchronization of images from multiple cameras to reconstruct a moving human]." 2010 IEEE/ACM 14th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications. IEEE, 2010.</ref>
* Synchronization of video frames from multiple cameras for [[3D reconstruction]]<ref>Moore, Carl, et al. "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5636714/ Synchronization of images from multiple cameras to reconstruct a moving human]." 2010 IEEE/ACM 14th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications. IEEE, 2010.</ref>
* In [[electric power]] systems, [[alternator synchronization]] is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
* In [[electric power]] systems, [[alternator synchronization]] is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important.
有些系统可能只是近似同步的，或者是同步的。有些应用程序要求确定事件之间的相对偏移量。对于其他人来说，只有事件的顺序才是重要的。
* [[Arbiter (electronics)|Arbiters]] are needed in digital electronic systems such as [[microprocessor]]s to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called ''synchronizers'' that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See [[metastability in electronics]]).
* [[Arbiter (electronics)|Arbiters]] are needed in digital electronic systems such as [[microprocessor]]s to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called ''synchronizers'' that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See [[metastability in electronics]]).
* [[Encryption]] systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.
* [[Encryption]] systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.
* Automotive [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] contain [[synchromesh|synchronizers]] that bring the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.
* Automotive [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] contain [[synchromesh|synchronizers]] that bring the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.
* [[Flash synchronization]] synchronizes the [[Flash (photography)|flash]] with the [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]].
* [[Flash synchronization]] synchronizes the [[Flash (photography)|flash]] with the [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]].
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Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or [[plesiochronous]]. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the [[Partially ordered set|order]] of the event is important.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or [[plesiochronous]]. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the [[Partially ordered set|order]] of the event is important.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{cmn|colwidth=18em|
* [[Asynchrony (disambiguation)]]
* [[Asynchrony (disambiguation)]]
* [[Atomic clock]]
* [[Atomic clock]]
* [[Clock synchronization]]
* [[Clock synchronization]]
* [[Data synchronization]]
* [[Data synchronization]]
* [[Double-ended synchronization]]
* [[Double-ended synchronization]]
* [[Einstein synchronisation]]
* [[Einstein synchronisation]]
* [[Entrainment (physics)]]
* [[Entrainment (physics)]]
* [[Eskimo yo-yo]]
* [[Eskimo yo-yo]]
* [[File synchronization]]
* [[File synchronization]]
* [[Flywheel]]
* [[Flywheel]]
* [[Homochronous]]
* [[Homochronous]]
* [[Kuramoto model]]
* [[Kuramoto model]]
* [[Mutual exclusion]]
* [[Mutual exclusion]]
* [[Neural oscillation]]
* [[Neural oscillation]]
* [[Phase-locked loop]]
* [[Phase-locked loop]]
* [[Phase synchronization]]
* [[Phase synchronization]]
* [[Reciprocal socialization]]
* [[Reciprocal socialization]]
* [[Synchronism (disambiguation)]]
* [[Synchronism (disambiguation)]]
* [[Synchronization (alternating current)]]
* [[Synchronization (alternating current)]]
* [[Synchronization of chaos]]
* [[Synchronization of chaos]]
* [[Synchronization rights]]
* [[Synchronization rights]]
* [[Synchronizer (disambiguation)]]
* [[Synchronizer (disambiguation)]]
* [[Synchronous conferencing]]
* [[Synchronous conferencing]]
* [[Time]]
* [[Time]]
Order synchronization and related topics:
订单同步和相关主题:
* [[Time transfer]]
* [[Time transfer]]
* [[Timecode]]
* [[Timecode]]
* [[Timing synchronization function]] (TSF)
* [[Timing synchronization function]] (TSF)
* [[Tuning fork]]
* [[Tuning fork]]
;Order synchronization and related topics:
;Order synchronization and related topics:
* [[Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling]]
* [[Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling]]
* [[Concurrency control]]
* [[Concurrency control]]
Video and audio engineering
视频和音频工程
* [[Interlocking]]
* [[Interlocking]]
* [[Race condition]]
* [[Race condition]]
* [[Rendezvous problem]]
* [[Rendezvous problem]]
* [[Room synchronization]]
* [[Room synchronization]]
;Video and audio engineering
;Video and audio engineering
Aircraft gun engineering:
返回文章页面飞机炮工程:
* [[Genlock]]
* [[Genlock]]
* [[Jam sync]]
* [[Jam sync]]
* [[SMPTE timecode]]
* [[SMPTE timecode]]
Compare with:
比较:
* [[Word sync]]
* [[Word sync]]
}}
}}
;Aircraft gun engineering:
;Aircraft gun engineering:
* [[Synchronization gear]]
* [[Synchronization gear]]
;Compare with:
;Compare with:
* [[Synchronicity]], an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by [[Carl Jung]].
* [[Synchronicity]], an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by [[Carl Jung]].
}}
}}
== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
==External links==
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wiktionary}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}
Category:Systems
Category:Systems