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第123行： − There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony. More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.+ − 在这些研究中，关于同步的真正影响一直存在争议。这一领域的研究详细说明了同步的积极影响，认为这仅仅是同步的结果; 然而，许多实验都包含了达到同步的共同意图。事实上，合作模型的强化表明，对同步的感知会导致合作正在发生的强化，从而导致同步的亲社会效应。需要进行更多的研究，以区分意向性的效果和同步性的有利效果。+ − {{primary sources|section|date=February 2017}}+ − Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Condon|first1=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005|s2cid=19384588}}</ref> This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref> [[Muscular bonding]] is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref> This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.+ + + + + 第150行：
第154行： − − Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important. − − 有些系统可能只是近似同步的，或者是同步的。有些应用程序要求确定事件之间的相对偏移量。对于其他人来说，只有事件的顺序才是重要的。 第163行：
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第230行： − − Order synchronization and related topics: − − 订单同步和相关主题: 第238行：
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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Synchronization (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共822，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
Synchronization of multiple interacting [[dynamical system]]s can occur when the systems are [[Self-oscillation|autonomous oscillators]]. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.<ref name="Nolte">{{cite book | first = David | last = Nolte | title = Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2015 }}</ref> In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the [[Kuramoto model]] phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
Synchronization of multiple interacting [[dynamical system]]s can occur when the systems are [[Self-oscillation|autonomous oscillators]]. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.<ref name="Nolte">{{cite book | first = David | last = Nolte | title = Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2015 }}</ref> In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the [[Kuramoto model]] phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks. This is known as interpersonal synchrony.
Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks. In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
当系统是自治振子时，多个相互作用的动力系统可以发生同步。例如，当耦合强度(频率单位)大于自由运行的固有振荡器频率之间的差异时，具有双向(对称)或单向耦合的集成激发振荡器可以同步。庞加莱相位振荡器是一种模型系统，它可以在随机或规则的网络中相互作用和部分同步。这就是所谓的人际同步。
当系统是自治振子时，多个相互作用的动力系统可以发生同步。例如，当耦合强度(频率单位)大于自由运行的固有振荡器频率之间的差异时，具有双向(对称)或单向耦合的集成激发振荡器可以同步。庞加莱相位振荡器是一种模型系统，它可以在随机或规则的网络中相互作用和部分同步。当耦合强度超过一个临界阈值时，相位振荡器的全局同步会发生从不同步到完全同步的突变。这就是仓本模型的相变。同步是一个突现的性质，发生在广泛的动态系统，包括神经信号，心脏的跳动和同步的消防蝇光波。
== Human movement ==
== Human movement ==
{{primary sources|section|date=February 2017}}
Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Condon|first1=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005|s2cid=19384588}}</ref> This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref> [[Muscular bonding]] is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref> This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.
Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned. This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay. Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions. This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.
运动同步定义为两个或两个以上时间排列的人之间相似的运动。这与模仿不同，因为这些动作是在短暂的延迟之后发生的。肌肉粘合是指时间的移动能够唤起特定的情感。这引发了一些关于运动同步及其对人类情感影响的第一次研究。
In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref> cooperation and trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2019}} [[Military step]] has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In [[Dyad (sociology)|dyads]], groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref> self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumsden|first1=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090}}</ref> compassion and altruistic behaviour<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valdesolo|first1=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref> and increase rapport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vacharkulksemsuk|first1=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref> During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paxton|first1=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888|s2cid=9565508}}</ref> There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.<ref name=":0" /> This is known as interpersonal synchrony.
In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref> cooperation and trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2019}} [[Military step]] has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In [[Dyad (sociology)|dyads]], groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref> self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumsden|first1=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090}}</ref> compassion and altruistic behaviour<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valdesolo|first1=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref> and increase rapport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vacharkulksemsuk|first1=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref> During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paxton|first1=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888|s2cid=9565508}}</ref> There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.<ref name=":0" /> This is known as interpersonal synchrony.
In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity, cooperation and trust. Military step has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In dyads, groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation, self-esteem, compassion and altruistic behaviour and increase rapport. During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors. There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad. More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.
在群体中，运动的同步性被证明可以增加顺从性、合作性和信任度。军事步骤一直被用于这些目的，但需要更多的研究组同步，以确定其对群体作为一个整体和群体中的个人的影响。在两人一组的情况下，同步性被证明可以增加亲密关系、自尊、同情心和利他行为，并且增加融洽的关系。在争吵过程中，争吵双方的同步性降低了，但是不清楚这是由于情绪的变化还是其他因素。有证据表明，运动同步需要其他人产生其有益的效果，因为当其中一个二分体同步他们的运动到二分体之外的某个东西时，对联系的影响不会发生。需要进行更多的研究，以区分意向性的效果和同步性的有利效果。
* In [[electric power]] systems, [[alternator synchronization]] is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
* In [[electric power]] systems, [[alternator synchronization]] is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
* [[Arbiter (electronics)|Arbiters]] are needed in digital electronic systems such as [[microprocessor]]s to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called ''synchronizers'' that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See [[metastability in electronics]]).
* [[Arbiter (electronics)|Arbiters]] are needed in digital electronic systems such as [[microprocessor]]s to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called ''synchronizers'' that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See [[metastability in electronics]]).
* [[Flash synchronization]] synchronizes the [[Flash (photography)|flash]] with the [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]].
* [[Flash synchronization]] synchronizes the [[Flash (photography)|flash]] with the [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]].
Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important.
有些系统可能只是近似同步的，或者是同步的。有些应用程序要求确定事件之间的相对偏移量。对于其他人来说，只有事件的顺序才是重要的。
== See also ==
== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=18em|
18em |
* [[Time]]
* [[Time]]
* [[Time transfer]]
* [[Time transfer]]
* [[Tuning fork]]
* [[Tuning fork]]
Order synchronization and related topics:
订单同步和相关主题:
* [[Concurrency control]]
* [[Concurrency control]]
* [[Interlocking]]
* [[Interlocking]]
* [[Room synchronization]]
* [[Room synchronization]]
Video and audio engineering
视频和音频工程
;Video and audio engineering
* [[Genlock]]
* [[Genlock]]
* [[SMPTE timecode]]
* [[SMPTE timecode]]
* [[Word sync]]
* [[Word sync]]
Aircraft gun engineering:
返回文章页面飞机炮工程:
;Aircraft gun engineering:
;Aircraft gun engineering:
* [[Synchronization gear]]
* [[Synchronization gear]]
Compare with:
比较:
;Compare with:
;Compare with:
}}
}}
* [[Synchronicity]], an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by [[Carl Jung]].
* [[Synchronicity]], an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by [[Carl Jung]].
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}
* J. Domański [http://en.synesthesia.domanski.pro/theory/synchronization/ "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film"]
{{Authority control}}
Category:Systems
Category:Systems