1,592
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
小第1行：
第1行： − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共1866，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。+ 第93行：
第93行： − + − 洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程组就是科尔莫戈罗夫模型的一个例子，沃尔泰拉的调查是通过他与海洋生物学家翁贝托•安科纳(Umberto d’ ancona)的互动得到启发的。安科纳当时正在追求自己的女儿，后来成了他的女婿。D’ ancona 研究了亚得里亚海的鱼类捕获量，并注意到在第一次世界大战期间(1914-1918年)捕获的捕食性鱼类的百分比有所增加。这使他感到困惑，因为在战争年代，捕鱼的努力大大减少了。沃尔泰拉独立于 Lotka 发展了他的模型，并用它来解释 d’ ancona 的观察。+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 第107行：
第119行： − The Lotka–Volterra predator–prey [[mathematical model|model]] was initially proposed by [[Alfred J. Lotka]] in the theory of autocatalytic chemical reactions in 1910.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lotka|first=A. J.|title=Contribution to the Theory of Periodic Reaction|journal=[[Journal of Physical Chemistry A|J. Phys. Chem.]]|volume=14|issue=3|pages=271–274|year=1910|doi=10.1021/j150111a004|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428768}}</ref><ref name="Goelmany">{{cite book|last=Goel|first=N. S.|display-authors=etal|title=On the Volterra and Other Non-Linear Models of Interacting Populations|location=|publisher=Academic Press|year=1971}}</ref> This was effectively the [[Logistic function#In ecology: modeling population growth|logistic equation]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berryman|first=A. A.|url=http://entomology.wsu.edu/profiles/06BerrymanWeb/Berryman%2892%29Origins.pdf|title=The Origins and Evolution of Predator-Prey Theory|journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]]|volume=73|issue=5|pages=1530–1535|year=1992|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531204042/http://entomology.wsu.edu/profiles/06BerrymanWeb/Berryman%2892%29Origins.pdf|archive-date=2010-05-31|df=|doi=10.2307/1940005|jstor=1940005}}</ref> originally derived by [[Pierre François Verhulst]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Verhulst|first=P. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsEAAAAYAAJ|title=Notice sur la loi que la population poursuit dans son accroissement|journal=Corresp. Mathématique et Physique|volume=10|issue=|pages=113–121|year=1838}}</ref> In 1920 Lotka extended the model, via [[Andrey Kolmogorov]], to "organic systems" using a plant species and a herbivorous animal species as an example<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lotka|first=A. J.|pmc=1084562|title=Analytical Note on Certain Rhythmic Relations in Organic Systems|journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]]|volume=6|issue=7|pages=410–415|year=1920|doi=10.1073/pnas.6.7.410|pmid=16576509|bibcode=1920PNAS....6..410L}}</ref> and in 1925 he used the equations to analyse predator–prey interactions in his book on [[biomathematics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lotka|first=A. J.|title=Elements of Physical Biology|location=|publisher=[[Williams and Wilkins]]|year=1925}}</ref> The same set of equations was published in 1926 by [[Vito Volterra]], a mathematician and physicist, who had become interested in [[mathematical biology]].<ref name="Goelmany"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Volterra|first=V.|title=Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi|journal=[[Accademia dei Lincei|Mem. Acad. Lincei Roma]]|volume=2|issue=|pages=31–113|year=1926}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Volterra|first=V.|chapter=Variations and fluctuations of the number of individuals in animal species living together|title=Animal Ecology|editor-last=Chapman|editor-first=R. N.|location=|publisher=[[McGraw–Hill]]|year=1931}}</ref> Volterra's enquiry was inspired through his interactions with the marine biologist [[Umberto D'Ancona]], who was courting his daughter at the time and later was to become his son-in-law. D'Ancona studied the fish catches in the [[Adriatic Sea]] and had noticed that the percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of [[World War I]] (1914–18). This puzzled him, as the fishing effort had been very much reduced during the war years. Volterra developed his model independently from Lotka and used it to explain d'Ancona's observation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kingsland|first=S.|title=Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology|location=|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-226-43728-6}}</ref>+ 第115行：
第127行： − + 第123行：
第135行： − In the late 1980s, an alternative to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model (and its common-prey-dependent generalizations) emerged, the ratio dependent or [[Arditi–Ginzburg equations|Arditi–Ginzburg model]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arditi|first1=R.|last2=Ginzburg|first2=L. R.|year=1989|url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/ee/ginzburglab/Coupling%20in%20Predator-Prey%20Dynamics%20-%20Arditi%20and%20Ginzburg,%201989.pdf|title=Coupling in predator-prey dynamics: ratio dependence|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=139|issue=3|pages=311–326|doi=10.1016/s0022-5193(89)80211-5}}</ref> The validity of prey- or ratio-dependent models has been much debated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abrams|first1=P. A.|last2=Ginzburg|first2=L. R.|year=2000|title=The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=15|issue=8|pages=337–341|doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01908-x|pmid=10884706}}</ref>+ − + 第131行：
第143行： − + 第137行：
第149行： − + 第143行：
第155行： − ==Physical meaning of the equations==+ 第149行：
第161行： − The Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions, not necessarily realizable in nature, about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/predator-prey.html|title=PREDATOR-PREY DYNAMICS|website=www.tiem.utk.edu|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>+ − 在这个过程中，环境并没有因为一个物种而改变，基因的适应也是无关紧要的。+ − + 第161行：
第173行： − #The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population. − #The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.+ + 第169行：
第181行： − #During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species, and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.+ − #Predators have limitless appetite. + − In this case the solution of the differential equations is [[deterministic system|deterministic]] and [[Continuous function|continuous]]. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=D.|last2=Hiorns|first2=R. W.|display-authors=etal|title=The Mathematical Theory of the Dynamics of Biological Populations|volume=II|publisher=Academic Press|year=1981}}</ref>+ 第181行：
第193行： − + 第189行：
第201行： − ===Prey===+ 第195行：
第207行： − When multiplied out, the prey equation becomes − + + 第205行：
第217行： − The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply and to reproduce exponentially, unless subject to predation; this [[exponential growth]] is represented in the equation above by the term ''αx''. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet, this is represented above by ''βxy''. If either {{mvar|x}} or {{mvar|y}} is zero, then there can be no predation.+ − + 第213行：
第225行： − With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as follows: the rate of change of the prey's population is given by its own growth rate minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.+ 第221行：
第233行： − ===Predators===+ − + + − The predator equation becomes − :<math>\frac{dy}{dt} = \delta xy - \gamma y.</math>+ 第237行：
第249行： − In this equation, {{math|''δxy''}} represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used, as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). The term {{math|''γy''}} represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration, it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.+ − + 第245行：
第257行： − Hence the equation expresses that the rate of change of the predator's population depends upon the rate at which it consumes prey, minus its intrinsic death rate. + − 如果所有的非负参数都不消失，三个参数可以被吸收到变量的归一化中，只留下一个参数: 由于第一个方程是齐次方程，第二个方程是齐次方程，参数 β/α 和 δ/γ 分别在正规化和归一化中被吸收，因此只保留任意性。这是影响解的性质的唯一参数。+ + − ==Solutions to the equations== − The equations have [[periodic function|periodic]] solutions and do not have a simple expression in terms of the usual [[trigonometric function]]s, although they are quite tractable.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steiner|first1=Antonio|last2=Gander|first2=Martin Jakob|year=1999|title=Parametrische Lösungen der Räuber-Beute-Gleichungen im Vergleich|journal=Il Volterriano|volume=7|issue=|pages=32–44|url=http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:6300/ATTACHMENT01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=C. M.|last2=Findley|first2=G. L.|title=A new transformation for the Lotka-Volterra problem|journal=Journal of Mathematical Chemistry|volume=25|issue=|pages=105–110|year=1999|doi=10.1023/A:1019172114300|s2cid=36980176}}</ref>+ − 方程的线性化产生了一个类似于简谐运动的解决方案，在这个周期中捕食者的数量尾随猎物的数量达到90 ° 。+ − + 第267行：
第279行： − If none of the non-negative parameters {{math|''α'', ''β'', ''γ'', ''δ''}} vanishes, three can be absorbed into the normalization of variables to leave only one parameter: since the first equation is homogeneous in {{math|''x''}}, and the second one in {{math|''y''}}, the parameters ''β''/''α'' and ''δ''/''γ'' are absorbable in the normalizations of {{math|''y''}} and {{math|''x''}} respectively, and {{math|''γ''}} into the normalization of {{math|''t''}}, so that only {{math|''α''/''γ''}} remains arbitrary. It is the only parameter affecting the nature of the solutions.+ − A [[linearization]] of the equations yields a solution similar to [[simple harmonic motion]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Tong|first=H.|title=Threshold Models in Non-linear Time Series Analysis|location=|publisher=Springer–Verlag|year=1983}}</ref> with the population of predators trailing that of prey by 90° in the cycle.+ − [[Image:Lotka Volterra dynamics.svg|center]] − {{further|Limit cycle}} + + 第283行：
第295行： − {{anchor|Atto-fox}}+ 第289行：
第301行： − + 第295行：
第307行： − ===A simple example=== − + + 第303行：
第315行： − [[File:Predator prey dynamics.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Phase-space plot for the predator prey problem for various initial conditions of the predator population.]] − Suppose there are two species of animals, a baboon (prey) and a cheetah (predator). If the initial conditions are 10 baboons and 10 cheetahs, one can plot the progression of the two species over time; given the parameters that the growth and death rates of baboon are 1.1 and 0.4 while that of cheetahs are 0.1 and 0.4 respectively. The choice of time interval is arbitrary.+ + 第311行：
第323行： − + − + − One may also plot solutions parametrically as [[orbit (dynamics)|orbit]]s in [[phase space]], without representing time, but with one axis representing the number of prey and the other axis representing the number of predators for all times.+ − + − + − + − This corresponds to eliminating time from the two differential equations above to produce a single differential equation+ 第335行：
第347行： − + − + − relating the variables ''x'' and ''y''. The solutions of this equation are closed curves. It is amenable to [[separation of variables]]: integrating+ 第347行：
第359行： − :<math>\frac{\beta y - \alpha}{y} \,dy + \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{x} \,dx = 0</math> − yields the implicit relationship + + 第355行：
第367行： − : <math>V = \delta x - \gamma \ln(x) + \beta y - \alpha \ln(y),</math> − where ''V'' is a constant quantity depending on the initial conditions and conserved on each curve. + + 第365行：
第377行： − An aside: These graphs illustrate a serious potential problem with this ''as a biological model'': For this specific choice of parameters, in each cycle, the baboon population is reduced to extremely low numbers, yet recovers (while the cheetah population remains sizeable at the lowest baboon density). In real-life situations, however, chance fluctuations of the discrete numbers of individuals, as well as the family structure and life-cycle of baboons, might cause the baboons to actually go extinct, and, by consequence, the cheetahs as well. This modelling problem has been called the "atto-fox problem", an [[atto-]]<nowiki>fox</nowiki> being a notional 10<sup>−18</sup> of a fox.<ref name="LobrySari2015">{{cite journal |last1=Lobry |first1=Claude |last2=Sari |first2=Tewfik |title=Migrations in the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model and the "atto-fox" problem |journal=Arima |date=2015 |volume=20 |pages=95–125 |url=http://arima.inria.fr/020/pdf/vol.20.pp.95-125.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mollison |first=D. |url=http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~denis/epi/velocities.pdf |title=Dependence of epidemic and population velocities on basic parameters |journal=Math. Biosci. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=255–287 |year=1991 |doi=10.1016/0025-5564(91)90009-8|pmid=1806118 }}</ref>+ 第373行：
第385行： − + − [[Image:Lotka-Volterra orbits 01.svg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px]]A less extreme example covers: + 第381行：
第393行： − {{mvar|α}} = 2/3, {{mvar|β}} = 4/3, {{mvar|γ}} = 1 = {{mvar|δ}}. Assume {{math|''x'', ''y''}} quantify thousands each. Circles represent prey and predator initial conditions from {{mvar|x}} = {{mvar|y}} = 0.9 to 1.8, in steps of 0.1. The fixed point is at (1, 1/2). + − ==Dynamics of the system==+ 第391行：
第403行： − In the model system, the predators thrive when there are plentiful prey but, ultimately, outstrip their food supply and decline. As the predator population is low, the prey population will increase again. These dynamics continue in a cycle of growth and decline.+ 第397行：
第409行： − + 第403行：
第415行： − ===Population equilibrium=== − Population equilibrium occurs in the model when neither of the population levels is changing, i.e. when both of the derivatives are equal to 0:+ + 第411行：
第423行： − :<math>x(\alpha - \beta y) = 0,</math> − + + 第421行：
第433行： − The above system of equations yields two solutions:+ 第429行：
第441行： − + 第437行：
第449行： − and+ 第445行：
第457行： − :<math>\left\{y = \frac{\alpha}{\beta},\ \ x = \frac{\gamma}{\delta} \right\}.</math>+ 第453行：
第465行： − Hence, there are two equilibria.+ − + 第461行：
第473行： − The first solution effectively represents the extinction of both species. If both populations are at 0, then they will continue to be so indefinitely. The second solution represents a fixed point at which both populations sustain their current, non-zero numbers, and, in the simplified model, do so indefinitely. The levels of population at which this equilibrium is achieved depend on the chosen values of the parameters ''α'', ''β'', ''γ'', and ''δ''. + 第469行：
第481行： − ===Stability of the fixed points=== − The stability of the fixed point at the origin can be determined by performing a [[linearization]] using [[partial derivative]]s.+ + 第477行：
第489行： − + 第483行：
第495行： − The [[Jacobian matrix]] of the predator–prey model is+ 第489行：
第501行： − + − + − :<math>J(x, y) = \begin{bmatrix} + 第501行：
第513行： − \alpha - \beta y & -\beta x \\ − \delta y & \delta x - \gamma − \end{bmatrix}.</math>+ + + 第511行：
第523行： − and is known as the [[community matrix]]. + − < math > j (0,0) = begin { bmatrix }+ − ====First fixed point (extinction)====+ 第525行：
第537行： − When evaluated at the steady state of (0, 0), the Jacobian matrix ''J'' becomes+ 第531行：
第543行： + + − \end{bmatrix}.</math>+ − 结束{ bmatrix } − :<math>J(0, 0) = \begin{bmatrix} − \alpha & 0 \\+ 第545行：
第557行： − 0 & -\gamma − + + 第555行：
第567行： − The [[eigenvalue]]s of this matrix are+ 第563行：
第575行： − :<math>\lambda_1 = \alpha, \quad \lambda_2 = -\gamma.</math>+ − 这个不动点的稳定性具有重要意义。如果它是稳定的，可能会吸引非零种群，因此，在许多初始种群水平的情况下，系统的动态可能导致两个物种的灭绝。然而，由于原点的不动点是鞍点，因此不稳定，因此在模型中两种物种的灭绝都是困难的。(事实上，只有当猎物被人为地完全消灭，导致捕食者饿死时，才会发生这种情况。如果捕食者被消灭，在这个简单的模型中，被捕食者的数量将会无限增长捕食者和被捕食者的数量可以无限小地接近于零，并且仍然可以恢复。+ − In the model ''α'' and ''γ'' are always greater than zero, and as such the sign of the eigenvalues above will always differ. Hence the fixed point at the origin is a [[saddle point]].+ − + 第579行：
第591行： − The stability of this fixed point is of significance. If it were stable, non-zero populations might be attracted towards it, and as such the dynamics of the system might lead towards the extinction of both species for many cases of initial population levels. However, as the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point, and hence unstable, it follows that the extinction of both species is difficult in the model. (In fact, this could only occur if the prey were artificially completely eradicated, causing the predators to die of starvation. If the predators were eradicated, the prey population would grow without bound in this simple model.) The populations of prey and predator can get infinitesimally close to zero and still recover.+ − 左 j (frac { gamma }{ delta } ，frac { alpha }{ beta }右) = begin { bmatrix }+ − + 第591行：
第603行： − ====Second fixed point (oscillations)====+ 第597行：
第609行： − Evaluating ''J'' at the second fixed point leads to+ − + + − :<math>J\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right) = \begin{bmatrix} − 0 & -\frac{\beta \gamma}{\delta} \\+ 第611行：
第623行： − \frac{\alpha \delta}{\beta} & 0+ 第617行：
第629行： − \end{bmatrix}.</math>+ 第625行：
第637行： − The eigenvalues of this matrix are+ − 由于本征值都是纯虚数，并且彼此共轭，这个不动点是椭圆形的，所以解是周期性的，振荡在一个小椭圆上围绕着一个不动点，具有频率 < math > omega = sqrt { alpha gamma } </math > 和周期 < math > t = 2{ pi }/(sqrt { lambda _ 1 da _ 2}) </math > 。+ + − :<math>\lambda_1 = i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}, \quad \lambda_2 = -i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}. − + − 如上图所示，水平曲线是围绕着固定点的闭合轨道: 捕食者和被捕食者的水平数量循环，在固定点周围振荡，没有阻尼，频率 < math > omega = sqrt { alpha } </math > 。+ − As the eigenvalues are both purely imaginary and conjugate to each others, this fixed point is [[Dynamical system#Conjugation results|elliptic]], so the solutions are periodic, oscillating on a small ellipse around the fixed point, with a frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2} = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math> and period <math>T = 2{\pi}/(\sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2})</math>.+ − + − As illustrated in the circulating oscillations in the figure above, the level curves are closed [[orbit (dynamics)|orbit]]s surrounding the fixed point: the levels of the predator and prey populations cycle and oscillate without [[damping]] around the fixed point with frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math>.+ 第655行：
第667行： − + − + − + 第667行：
第679行： − + 第673行：
第685行： − Increasing ''K'' moves a closed orbit closer to the fixed point. The largest value of the constant ''K'' is obtained by solving the optimization problem+ − − :<math>y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x} = \frac{y^\alpha x^\gamma}{e^{\delta x+\beta y}} \longrightarrow \max\limits_{x,y>0}.</math> − − The maximal value of ''K'' is thus attained at the stationary (fixed) point <math>\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right)</math> and amounts to − − :<math>K^* = \left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta e}\right)^\alpha \left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta e}\right)^\gamma,</math> − − where ''e'' is [[e (mathematical constant)|Euler's number]]. 第750行：
第754行： + + + + + + + + 第755行：
第767行： − {{modelling ecosystems|expanded=other}}+ 第761行：
第773行： − + 第767行：
第779行： − {{DEFAULTSORT:Lotka-Volterra Equation}}+ 第773行：
第785行： − + 第779行：
第791行： − +
Moved page from wikipedia:en:Lotka–Volterra equations (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共1982，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{About|the predator-prey equations|the competition equations|Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations}}
{{About|the predator-prey equations|the competition equations|Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations}}
The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a [[Kolmogorov equations|Kolmogorov model]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Freedman |first=H. I. |title=Deterministic Mathematical Models in Population Ecology |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brauer |first1=F. |last2=Castillo-Chavez |first2=C. |title=Mathematical Models in Population Biology and Epidemiology |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="scholarpedia">{{cite journal |last=Hoppensteadt |first=F. |title=Predator-prey model |journal=[[Scholarpedia]] |volume=1 |issue=10 |page=1563 |year=2006|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1563 |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1.1563H |doi-access=free }}</ref> which is a more general framework that can model the dynamics of ecological systems with predator–prey interactions, [[Competition (biology)|competition]], disease, and [[mutualism (biology)|mutualism]].
The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a [[Kolmogorov equations|Kolmogorov model]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Freedman |first=H. I. |title=Deterministic Mathematical Models in Population Ecology |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brauer |first1=F. |last2=Castillo-Chavez |first2=C. |title=Mathematical Models in Population Biology and Epidemiology |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="scholarpedia">{{cite journal |last=Hoppensteadt |first=F. |title=Predator-prey model |journal=[[Scholarpedia]] |volume=1 |issue=10 |page=1563 |year=2006|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1563 |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1.1563H |doi-access=free }}</ref> which is a more general framework that can model the dynamics of ecological systems with predator–prey interactions, [[Competition (biology)|competition]], disease, and [[mutualism (biology)|mutualism]].
The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a Kolmogorov model, Volterra's enquiry was inspired through his interactions with the marine biologist Umberto D'Ancona, who was courting his daughter at the time and later was to become his son-in-law. D'Ancona studied the fish catches in the Adriatic Sea and had noticed that the percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of World War I (1914–18). This puzzled him, as the fishing effort had been very much reduced during the war years. Volterra developed his model independently from Lotka and used it to explain d'Ancona's observation.
The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a Kolmogorov model, which is a more general framework that can model the dynamics of ecological systems with predator–prey interactions, competition, disease, and mutualism.
Lotka-沃尔泰拉方程组就是 Kolmogorov 模型的一个例子，该模型是一个更为通用的框架，可以为具有捕食者-食饵相互作用、竞争、疾病和互利共生的生态系统的动力学建模。
==History==
==History==
The Lotka–Volterra predator–prey [[mathematical model|model]] was initially proposed by [[Alfred J. Lotka]] in the theory of autocatalytic chemical reactions in 1910.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lotka|first=A. J.|title=Contribution to the Theory of Periodic Reaction|journal=[[Journal of Physical Chemistry A|J. Phys. Chem.]]|volume=14|issue=3|pages=271–274|year=1910|doi=10.1021/j150111a004|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428768}}</ref><ref name="Goelmany">{{cite book|last=Goel|first=N. S.|display-authors=etal|title=On the Volterra and Other Non-Linear Models of Interacting Populations|location=|publisher=Academic Press|year=1971}}</ref> This was effectively the [[Logistic function#In ecology: modeling population growth|logistic equation]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berryman|first=A. A.|url=http://entomology.wsu.edu/profiles/06BerrymanWeb/Berryman%2892%29Origins.pdf|title=The Origins and Evolution of Predator-Prey Theory|journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]]|volume=73|issue=5|pages=1530–1535|year=1992|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531204042/http://entomology.wsu.edu/profiles/06BerrymanWeb/Berryman%2892%29Origins.pdf|archive-date=2010-05-31|df=|doi=10.2307/1940005|jstor=1940005}}</ref> originally derived by [[Pierre François Verhulst]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Verhulst|first=P. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsEAAAAYAAJ|title=Notice sur la loi que la population poursuit dans son accroissement|journal=Corresp. Mathématique et Physique|volume=10|issue=|pages=113–121|year=1838}}</ref> In 1920 Lotka extended the model, via [[Andrey Kolmogorov]], to "organic systems" using a plant species and a herbivorous animal species as an example<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lotka|first=A. J.|pmc=1084562|title=Analytical Note on Certain Rhythmic Relations in Organic Systems|journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]]|volume=6|issue=7|pages=410–415|year=1920|doi=10.1073/pnas.6.7.410|pmid=16576509|bibcode=1920PNAS....6..410L}}</ref> and in 1925 he used the equations to analyse predator–prey interactions in his book on [[biomathematics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lotka|first=A. J.|title=Elements of Physical Biology|location=|publisher=[[Williams and Wilkins]]|year=1925}}</ref> The same set of equations was published in 1926 by [[Vito Volterra]], a mathematician and physicist, who had become interested in [[mathematical biology]].<ref name="Goelmany"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Volterra|first=V.|title=Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi|journal=[[Accademia dei Lincei|Mem. Acad. Lincei Roma]]|volume=2|issue=|pages=31–113|year=1926}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Volterra|first=V.|chapter=Variations and fluctuations of the number of individuals in animal species living together|title=Animal Ecology|editor-last=Chapman|editor-first=R. N.|location=|publisher=[[McGraw–Hill]]|year=1931}}</ref> Volterra's enquiry was inspired through his interactions with the marine biologist [[Umberto D'Ancona]], who was courting his daughter at the time and later was to become his son-in-law. D'Ancona studied the fish catches in the [[Adriatic Sea]] and had noticed that the percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of [[World War I]] (1914–18). This puzzled him, as the fishing effort had been very much reduced during the war years. Volterra developed his model independently from Lotka and used it to explain d'Ancona's observation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kingsland|first=S.|title=Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology|location=|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-226-43728-6}}</ref>
The Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model was initially proposed by Alfred J. Lotka in the theory of autocatalytic chemical reactions in 1910. This was effectively the logistic equation, originally derived by Pierre François Verhulst. In 1920 Lotka extended the model, via Andrey Kolmogorov, to "organic systems" using a plant species and a herbivorous animal species as an example and in 1925 he used the equations to analyse predator–prey interactions in his book on biomathematics. The same set of equations was published in 1926 by Vito Volterra, a mathematician and physicist, who had become interested in mathematical biology. Volterra's enquiry was inspired through his interactions with the marine biologist Umberto D'Ancona, who was courting his daughter at the time and later was to become his son-in-law. D'Ancona studied the fish catches in the Adriatic Sea and had noticed that the percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of World War I (1914–18). This puzzled him, as the fishing effort had been very much reduced during the war years. Volterra developed his model independently from Lotka and used it to explain d'Ancona's observation.
洛特卡-沃尔泰拉捕食-被捕食模型最初是由阿尔弗雷德 · j · 洛特卡于1910年在自催化化学反应理论中提出的。这实际上就是逻辑方程式，最初由皮埃尔·弗朗索瓦·韦吕勒推导出来。1920年，Lotka 通过安德雷·柯尔莫哥洛夫，将这个模型扩展到“有机系统” ，以植物物种和草食动物物种为例，1925年，他在其关于生物数学的书中用这些方程分析了捕食者-猎物的相互作用。1926年，对数学生物学感兴趣的数学家和物理学家维托 · 沃尔泰拉发表了同样的方程组。沃尔泰拉的调查灵感来自于他与海洋生物学家翁贝托•安科纳(Umberto d’ ancona)的互动。安科纳当时正在追求自己的女儿，后来成了他的女婿。D’ ancona 研究了亚得里亚海的鱼类捕获量，并注意到在第一次世界大战期间(1914-1918年)捕获的捕食性鱼类的百分比有所增加。这使他感到困惑，因为在战争年代，捕鱼的努力大大减少了。沃尔泰拉独立于 Lotka 发展了他的模型，并用它来解释 d’ ancona 的观察。
The model was later extended to include density-dependent prey growth and a [[functional response]] of the form developed by [[C. S. Holling]]; a model that has become known as the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosenzweig|first1=M. L.|last2=MacArthur|first2=R.H.|year=1963|title=Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions|journal=American Naturalist|issue=895|pages=209–223|doi=10.1086/282272|volume=97|s2cid=84883526}}</ref> Both the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur models have been used to explain the dynamics of natural populations of predators and prey, such as the [[lynx]] and [[snowshoe hare]] data of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilpin|first=M. E.|year=1973|title=Do hares eat lynx?|journal=American Naturalist|issue=957|pages=727–730|doi=10.1086/282870|volume=107|s2cid=84794121}}</ref> and the moose and wolf populations in [[Isle Royale National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jost|first1=C.|last2=Devulder|first2=G.|last3=Vucetich|first3=J.A.|last4=Peterson|first4=R.|last5=Arditi|first5=R.|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00977.x|title=The wolves of Isle Royale display scale-invariant satiation and density dependent predation on moose|journal=J. Anim. Ecol.|volume=74|issue=5|pages=809–816|year=2005}}</ref>
The model was later extended to include density-dependent prey growth and a functional response of the form developed by C. S. Holling; a model that has become known as the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model. Both the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur models have been used to explain the dynamics of natural populations of predators and prey, such as the lynx and snowshoe hare data of the Hudson's Bay Company and the moose and wolf populations in Isle Royale National Park.
The model was later extended to include density-dependent prey growth and a functional response of the form developed by C. S. Holling; a model that has become known as the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model. Both the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur models have been used to explain the dynamics of natural populations of predators and prey, such as the lynx and snowshoe hare data of the Hudson's Bay Company and the moose and wolf populations in Isle Royale National Park.
In the late 1980s, an alternative to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model (and its common-prey-dependent generalizations) emerged, the ratio dependent or [[Arditi–Ginzburg equations|Arditi–Ginzburg model]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arditi|first1=R.|last2=Ginzburg|first2=L. R.|year=1989|url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/ee/ginzburglab/Coupling%20in%20Predator-Prey%20Dynamics%20-%20Arditi%20and%20Ginzburg,%201989.pdf|title=Coupling in predator-prey dynamics: ratio dependence|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=139|issue=3|pages=311–326|doi=10.1016/s0022-5193(89)80211-5}}</ref> The validity of prey- or ratio-dependent models has been much debated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abrams|first1=P. A.|last2=Ginzburg|first2=L. R.|year=2000|title=The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=15|issue=8|pages=337–341|doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01908-x|pmid=10884706}}</ref>
In the late 1980s, an alternative to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model (and its common-prey-dependent generalizations) emerged, the ratio dependent or Arditi–Ginzburg model. The validity of prey- or ratio-dependent models has been much debated.
In the late 1980s, an alternative to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model (and its common-prey-dependent generalizations) emerged, the ratio dependent or Arditi–Ginzburg model. The validity of prey- or ratio-dependent models has been much debated.
The model was later extended to include density-dependent prey growth and a [[functional response]] of the form developed by [[C. S. Holling]]; a model that has become known as the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosenzweig|first1=M. L.|last2=MacArthur|first2=R.H.|year=1963|title=Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions|journal=American Naturalist|issue=895|pages=209–223|doi=10.1086/282272|volume=97|s2cid=84883526}}</ref> Both the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur models have been used to explain the dynamics of natural populations of predators and prey, such as the [[lynx]] and [[snowshoe hare]] data of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilpin|first=M. E.|year=1973|title=Do hares eat lynx?|journal=American Naturalist|issue=957|pages=727–730|doi=10.1086/282870|volume=107|s2cid=84794121}}</ref> and the moose and wolf populations in [[Isle Royale National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jost|first1=C.|last2=Devulder|first2=G.|last3=Vucetich|first3=J.A.|last4=Peterson|first4=R.|last5=Arditi|first5=R.|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00977.x|title=The wolves of Isle Royale display scale-invariant satiation and density dependent predation on moose|journal=J. Anim. Ecol.|volume=74|issue=5|pages=809–816|year=2005}}</ref>
The Lotka–Volterra equations have a long history of use in [[Economics|economic theory]]; their initial application is commonly credited to [[Richard M. Goodwin|Richard Goodwin]] in 1965<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gandolfo|first=G.|authorlink=Giancarlo Gandolfo|title=Giuseppe Palomba and the Lotka–Volterra equations|journal=Rendiconti Lincei|volume=19|issue=4|pages=347–357|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s12210-008-0023-7|s2cid=140537163}}</ref> or 1967.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=R. M.|chapter=A Growth Cycle|title=Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein|chapter-url-access=registration|editor-last=Feinstein|editor-first=C. H.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Desai|first1=M.|last2=Ormerod|first2=P.|url=http://www.paulormerod.com/pdf/economicjournal1998.pdf|title=Richard Goodwin: A Short Appreciation|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume=108|issue=450|pages=1431–1435|year=1998|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00350|citeseerx=10.1.1.423.1705|access-date=2010-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154044/http://www.paulormerod.com/pdf/economicjournal1998.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Lotka–Volterra equations have a long history of use in economic theory; their initial application is commonly credited to Richard Goodwin in 1965 or 1967.
The Lotka–Volterra equations have a long history of use in economic theory; their initial application is commonly credited to Richard Goodwin in 1965 or 1967.
==Physical meaning of the equations==
The Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions, not necessarily realizable in nature, about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/predator-prey.html|title=PREDATOR-PREY DYNAMICS|website=www.tiem.utk.edu|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>
The Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions, not necessarily realizable in nature, about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:
The Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions, not necessarily realizable in nature, about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:
Lotka-Volterra 模型对捕食者和被捕食者种群的环境和进化做出了许多假设，但这些假设在自然界中不一定是可实现的:
Lotka-Volterra 模型对捕食者和被捕食者种群的环境和进化做出了许多假设，但这些假设在自然界中不一定是可实现的:
The Lotka–Volterra equations have a long history of use in [[Economics|economic theory]]; their initial application is commonly credited to [[Richard M. Goodwin|Richard Goodwin]] in 1965<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gandolfo|first=G.|authorlink=Giancarlo Gandolfo|title=Giuseppe Palomba and the Lotka–Volterra equations|journal=Rendiconti Lincei|volume=19|issue=4|pages=347–357|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s12210-008-0023-7|s2cid=140537163}}</ref> or 1967.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=R. M.|chapter=A Growth Cycle|title=Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein|chapter-url-access=registration|editor-last=Feinstein|editor-first=C. H.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Desai|first1=M.|last2=Ormerod|first2=P.|url=http://www.paulormerod.com/pdf/economicjournal1998.pdf|title=Richard Goodwin: A Short Appreciation|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume=108|issue=450|pages=1431–1435|year=1998|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00350|citeseerx=10.1.1.423.1705|access-date=2010-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154044/http://www.paulormerod.com/pdf/economicjournal1998.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#The prey population finds ample food at all times.
The prey population finds ample food at all times.
The prey population finds ample food at all times.
猎物总能找到充足的食物。
猎物总能找到充足的食物。
#The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.
The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.
The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.
捕食者种群的食物供应完全取决于猎物种群的大小。
捕食者种群的食物供应完全取决于猎物种群的大小。
#The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.
The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.
The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.
人口的变化率与其规模成正比。
人口的变化率与其规模成正比。
#During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species, and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.
During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species, and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.
During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species, and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.
在这个过程中，环境并没有因为某一物种而改变，基因的适应也是无关紧要的。
#The prey population finds ample food at all times.
#Predators have limitless appetite.
Predators have limitless appetite.
Predators have limitless appetite.
食肉动物有无限的食欲。
食肉动物有无限的食欲。
In this case the solution of the differential equations is [[deterministic system|deterministic]] and [[Continuous function|continuous]]. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=D.|last2=Hiorns|first2=R. W.|display-authors=etal|title=The Mathematical Theory of the Dynamics of Biological Populations|volume=II|publisher=Academic Press|year=1981}}</ref>
In this case the solution of the differential equations is deterministic and continuous. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.
In this case the solution of the differential equations is deterministic and continuous. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.
在这种情况下，微分方程的解是确定的和连续的。反过来，这意味着捕食者和被捕食者的世代是不断重叠的。
在这种情况下，微分方程的解是确定的和连续的。反过来，这意味着捕食者和被捕食者的世代是不断重叠的。
{{see also|Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations}}
===Prey===
When multiplied out, the prey equation becomes
When multiplied out, the prey equation becomes
When multiplied out, the prey equation becomes
当它们相乘时，食饵方程就变成了
当它们相乘时，食饵方程就变成了
{{see also|Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations}}
:<math>\frac{dx}{dt} = \alpha x - \beta x y.</math>
<math>\frac{dx}{dt} = \alpha x - \beta x y.</math>
<math>\frac{dx}{dt} = \alpha x - \beta x y.</math>
The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply and to reproduce exponentially, unless subject to predation; this [[exponential growth]] is represented in the equation above by the term ''αx''. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet, this is represented above by ''βxy''. If either {{mvar|x}} or {{mvar|y}} is zero, then there can be no predation.
The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply and to reproduce exponentially, unless subject to predation; this exponential growth is represented in the equation above by the term αx. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet, this is represented above by βxy. If either or is zero, then there can be no predation.
The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply and to reproduce exponentially, unless subject to predation; this exponential growth is represented in the equation above by the term αx. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet, this is represented above by βxy. If either or is zero, then there can be no predation.
被捕食的动物被假定有无限的食物供应并且以指数形式繁殖，除非被捕食; 这个指数增长在上面的方程中用术语 αx 来表示。捕食猎物的速率假定与捕食者和猎物相遇的速率成正比，这一点用 βxy 表示。如果其中一个或者等于零，那么就不存在捕食。
被捕食的动物被假定有无限的食物供应并且以指数形式繁殖，除非被捕食; 这个指数增长在上面的方程中用术语 αx 来表示。捕食猎物的速率假定与捕食者和猎物相遇的速率成正比，这一点用 βxy 表示。如果其中一个或者等于零，那么就不存在捕食。
:<math>\frac{dx}{dt} = \alpha x - \beta x y.</math>
With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as follows: the rate of change of the prey's population is given by its own growth rate minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.
With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as follows: the rate of change of the prey's population is given by its own growth rate minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.
With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as follows: the rate of change of the prey's population is given by its own growth rate minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.
===Predators===
The predator equation becomes
The predator equation becomes
The predator equation becomes
捕食者方程变成了
捕食者方程变成了
:<math>\frac{dy}{dt} = \delta xy - \gamma y.</math>
<math>\frac{dy}{dt} = \delta xy - \gamma y.</math>
<math>\frac{dy}{dt} = \delta xy - \gamma y.</math>
In this equation, {{math|''δxy''}} represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used, as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). The term {{math|''γy''}} represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration, it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.
In this equation, represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used, as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). The term represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration, it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.
In this equation, represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used, as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). The term represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration, it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.
在这个方程中，代表了捕食者种群的增长。(注意与捕食率的相似性; 然而，使用了一个不同的常数，因为捕食者种群增长的速度不一定等于它消耗猎物的速度)。这个术语代表捕食者因自然死亡或移居海外而遭受的损失率---- 在没有猎物的情况下，它会导致指数衰减。
在这个方程中，代表了捕食者种群的增长。(注意与捕食率的相似性; 但是，使用了一个不同的常数，因为捕食者种群增长的速度不一定等于它消耗猎物的速度)。这个术语代表捕食者的损失率，由于自然死亡或移民，它导致了一个没有猎物的指数衰减。
Hence the equation expresses that the rate of change of the predator's population depends upon the rate at which it consumes prey, minus its intrinsic death rate.
Hence the equation expresses that the rate of change of the predator's population depends upon the rate at which it consumes prey, minus its intrinsic death rate.
Hence the equation expresses that the rate of change of the predator's population depends upon the rate at which it consumes prey, minus its intrinsic death rate.
==Solutions to the equations==
The equations have [[periodic function|periodic]] solutions and do not have a simple expression in terms of the usual [[trigonometric function]]s, although they are quite tractable.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steiner|first1=Antonio|last2=Gander|first2=Martin Jakob|year=1999|title=Parametrische Lösungen der Räuber-Beute-Gleichungen im Vergleich|journal=Il Volterriano|volume=7|issue=|pages=32–44|url=http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:6300/ATTACHMENT01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=C. M.|last2=Findley|first2=G. L.|title=A new transformation for the Lotka-Volterra problem|journal=Journal of Mathematical Chemistry|volume=25|issue=|pages=105–110|year=1999|doi=10.1023/A:1019172114300|s2cid=36980176}}</ref>
The equations have periodic solutions and do not have a simple expression in terms of the usual trigonometric functions, although they are quite tractable.
The equations have periodic solutions and do not have a simple expression in terms of the usual trigonometric functions, although they are quite tractable.
这些方程有周期解，并且没有用通常的三角函数表示的简单表达式，尽管它们很容易处理。
这些方程有周期解，并且没有用通常的三角函数表示的简单表达式，尽管它们很容易处理。
If none of the non-negative parameters {{math|''α'', ''β'', ''γ'', ''δ''}} vanishes, three can be absorbed into the normalization of variables to leave only one parameter: since the first equation is homogeneous in {{math|''x''}}, and the second one in {{math|''y''}}, the parameters ''β''/''α'' and ''δ''/''γ'' are absorbable in the normalizations of {{math|''y''}} and {{math|''x''}} respectively, and {{math|''γ''}} into the normalization of {{math|''t''}}, so that only {{math|''α''/''γ''}} remains arbitrary. It is the only parameter affecting the nature of the solutions.
If none of the non-negative parameters vanishes, three can be absorbed into the normalization of variables to leave only one parameter: since the first equation is homogeneous in , and the second one in , the parameters β/α and δ/γ are absorbable in the normalizations of and respectively, and into the normalization of , so that only remains arbitrary. It is the only parameter affecting the nature of the solutions.
If none of the non-negative parameters vanishes, three can be absorbed into the normalization of variables to leave only one parameter: since the first equation is homogeneous in , and the second one in , the parameters β/α and δ/γ are absorbable in the normalizations of and respectively, and into the normalization of , so that only remains arbitrary. It is the only parameter affecting the nature of the solutions.
如果所有非负参数都不消失，三个参数可以被吸收到变量的归一化中，只留下一个参数: 由于第一个方程是齐次方程，第二个方程是齐次方程，参数 β/α 和 δ/γ 分别在正规化和归一化中被吸收，因此只保留任意性。这是影响解的性质的唯一参数。
A [[linearization]] of the equations yields a solution similar to [[simple harmonic motion]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Tong|first=H.|title=Threshold Models in Non-linear Time Series Analysis|location=|publisher=Springer–Verlag|year=1983}}</ref> with the population of predators trailing that of prey by 90° in the cycle.
A linearization of the equations yields a solution similar to simple harmonic motion with the population of predators trailing that of prey by 90° in the cycle.
A linearization of the equations yields a solution similar to simple harmonic motion with the population of predators trailing that of prey by 90° in the cycle.
方程的线性化得到了一个类似于简谐运动的解决方案，在这个周期中捕食者的数量尾随猎物90 ° 。
[[Image:Lotka Volterra dynamics.svg|center]]
center
center
中心
中心
{{further|Limit cycle}}
{{anchor|Atto-fox}}
===A simple example===
[[File:Lotka-Volterra model (1.1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.1).svg|alt=|thumb|400x400px|Population dynamics for baboons and cheetahs problem mentioned aside.]]
Population dynamics for baboons and cheetahs problem mentioned aside.
Population dynamics for baboons and cheetahs problem mentioned aside.
除了狒狒和猎豹的族群动态问题。
除了狒狒和猎豹的族群动态问题。
[[File:Predator prey dynamics.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Phase-space plot for the predator prey problem for various initial conditions of the predator population.]]
Phase-space plot for the predator prey problem for various initial conditions of the predator population.
Phase-space plot for the predator prey problem for various initial conditions of the predator population.
捕食者种群不同初始条件下捕食与被捕食问题的相空间情节。
捕食者种群不同初始条件下捕食与被捕食问题的相空间情节。
Suppose there are two species of animals, a baboon (prey) and a cheetah (predator). If the initial conditions are 10 baboons and 10 cheetahs, one can plot the progression of the two species over time; given the parameters that the growth and death rates of baboon are 1.1 and 0.4 while that of cheetahs are 0.1 and 0.4 respectively. The choice of time interval is arbitrary.
Suppose there are two species of animals, a baboon (prey) and a cheetah (predator). If the initial conditions are 10 baboons and 10 cheetahs, one can plot the progression of the two species over time; given the parameters that the growth and death rates of baboon are 1.1 and 0.4 while that of cheetahs are 0.1 and 0.4 respectively. The choice of time interval is arbitrary.
Suppose there are two species of animals, a baboon (prey) and a cheetah (predator). If the initial conditions are 10 baboons and 10 cheetahs, one can plot the progression of the two species over time; given the parameters that the growth and death rates of baboon are 1.1 and 0.4 while that of cheetahs are 0.1 and 0.4 respectively. The choice of time interval is arbitrary.
假设有两种动物，狒狒(猎物)和猎豹(捕食者)。如果初始条件是10只狒狒和10只猎豹，那么我们可以绘制出这两个物种随着时间的推移而发展的图表; 假定参数是狒狒的生长率和死亡率分别为1.1和0.4，而猎豹的生长率和死亡率分别为0.1和0.4。时间间隔的选择是任意的。
假设有两种动物，狒狒(猎物)和猎豹(捕食者)。如果初始条件是10只狒狒和10只猎豹，那么我们可以绘制出这两个物种随着时间的推移而发展的图表; 假定参数是狒狒的生长率和死亡率分别为1.1和0.4，而猎豹的生长率和死亡率分别为0.1和0.4。时间间隔的选择是任意的。
[[File:Lotka-Volterra model (1.1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.1).svg|alt=|thumb|400x400px|Population dynamics for baboons and cheetahs problem mentioned aside.]]
One may also plot solutions parametrically as [[orbit (dynamics)|orbit]]s in [[phase space]], without representing time, but with one axis representing the number of prey and the other axis representing the number of predators for all times.
One may also plot solutions parametrically as orbits in phase space, without representing time, but with one axis representing the number of prey and the other axis representing the number of predators for all times.
One may also plot solutions parametrically as orbits in phase space, without representing time, but with one axis representing the number of prey and the other axis representing the number of predators for all times.
人们也可以在相空间中以参数方式绘制解，如轨道，但不代表时间，而是用一个轴代表猎物的数量，另一个轴代表所有时间的捕食者的数量。
人们也可以在相空间中以参数方式绘制解，如轨道，但不代表时间，而是用一个轴代表猎物的数量，另一个轴代表所有时间的捕食者的数量。
This corresponds to eliminating time from the two differential equations above to produce a single differential equation
This corresponds to eliminating time from the two differential equations above to produce a single differential equation
This corresponds to eliminating time from the two differential equations above to produce a single differential equation
这相当于从上面的两个微分方程中消除时间，得到一个微分方程
这相当于从上面的两个微分方程中消除时间，得到一个微分方程
:<math>\frac{dy}{dx} = - \frac{y}{x} \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{\beta y -\alpha}</math>
<math>\frac{dy}{dx} = - \frac{y}{x} \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{\beta y -\alpha}</math>
<math>\frac{dy}{dx} = - \frac{y}{x} \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{\beta y -\alpha}</math>
[数学]{ dy }{ dx } =-frac { y }{ x }{ delta x-gamma }{ beta y-alpha } </math >
[数学，数学]
relating the variables ''x'' and ''y''. The solutions of this equation are closed curves. It is amenable to [[separation of variables]]: integrating
relating the variables x and y. The solutions of this equation are closed curves. It is amenable to separation of variables: integrating
relating the variables x and y. The solutions of this equation are closed curves. It is amenable to separation of variables: integrating
关联变量 x 和 y。这个方程的解是封闭曲线。它可以通过分离变量法的方式来实现: 集成
关联变量 x 和 y。这个方程的解是封闭曲线。它可以通过分离变量法: 集成
:<math>\frac{\beta y - \alpha}{y} \,dy + \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{x} \,dx = 0</math>
<math>\frac{\beta y - \alpha}{y} \,dy + \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{x} \,dx = 0</math>
<math>\frac{\beta y - \alpha}{y} \,dy + \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{x} \,dx = 0</math>
{ beta y-alpha }{ y } ，dy + frac { delta x-gamma }{ x } ，dx = 0 </math >
{ beta y-alpha }{ y } ，dy + frac { delta x-gamma }{ x } ，dx = 0
yields the implicit relationship
yields the implicit relationship
yields the implicit relationship
产生了隐含的关系
产生了隐含的关系
:<math>\frac{dy}{dx} = - \frac{y}{x} \frac{\delta x - \gamma}{\beta y -\alpha}</math>
: <math>V = \delta x - \gamma \ln(x) + \beta y - \alpha \ln(y),</math>
<math>V = \delta x - \gamma \ln(x) + \beta y - \alpha \ln(y),</math>
<math>V = \delta x - \gamma \ln(x) + \beta y - \alpha \ln(y),</math>
= delta x-gamma ln (x) + beta y-alpha ln (y) ，</math >
V = delta x-gamma ln (x) + beta y-alpha ln (y) ，
where ''V'' is a constant quantity depending on the initial conditions and conserved on each curve.
where V is a constant quantity depending on the initial conditions and conserved on each curve.
where V is a constant quantity depending on the initial conditions and conserved on each curve.
其中 v 是一个常量，取决于初始条件，在每条曲线上都是守恒的。
其中 v 是一个常量，取决于初始条件，在每条曲线上都是守恒的。
An aside: These graphs illustrate a serious potential problem with this ''as a biological model'': For this specific choice of parameters, in each cycle, the baboon population is reduced to extremely low numbers, yet recovers (while the cheetah population remains sizeable at the lowest baboon density). In real-life situations, however, chance fluctuations of the discrete numbers of individuals, as well as the family structure and life-cycle of baboons, might cause the baboons to actually go extinct, and, by consequence, the cheetahs as well. This modelling problem has been called the "atto-fox problem", an [[atto-]]<nowiki>fox</nowiki> being a notional 10<sup>−18</sup> of a fox.<ref name="LobrySari2015">{{cite journal |last1=Lobry |first1=Claude |last2=Sari |first2=Tewfik |title=Migrations in the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model and the "atto-fox" problem |journal=Arima |date=2015 |volume=20 |pages=95–125 |url=http://arima.inria.fr/020/pdf/vol.20.pp.95-125.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mollison |first=D. |url=http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~denis/epi/velocities.pdf |title=Dependence of epidemic and population velocities on basic parameters |journal=Math. Biosci. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=255–287 |year=1991 |doi=10.1016/0025-5564(91)90009-8|pmid=1806118 }}</ref>
An aside: These graphs illustrate a serious potential problem with this as a biological model: For this specific choice of parameters, in each cycle, the baboon population is reduced to extremely low numbers, yet recovers (while the cheetah population remains sizeable at the lowest baboon density). In real-life situations, however, chance fluctuations of the discrete numbers of individuals, as well as the family structure and life-cycle of baboons, might cause the baboons to actually go extinct, and, by consequence, the cheetahs as well. This modelling problem has been called the "atto-fox problem", an atto-<nowiki>fox</nowiki> being a notional 10<sup>−18</sup> of a fox.
An aside: These graphs illustrate a serious potential problem with this as a biological model: For this specific choice of parameters, in each cycle, the baboon population is reduced to extremely low numbers, yet recovers (while the cheetah population remains sizeable at the lowest baboon density). In real-life situations, however, chance fluctuations of the discrete numbers of individuals, as well as the family structure and life-cycle of baboons, might cause the baboons to actually go extinct, and, by consequence, the cheetahs as well. This modelling problem has been called the "atto-fox problem", an atto-<nowiki>fox</nowiki> being a notional 10<sup>−18</sup> of a fox.
旁白: 这些图表说明了作为生物模型的一个严重的潜在问题: 对于这个特定的参数选择，在每个周期中，狒狒的数量减少到极低的数量，但是恢复了(而猎豹的数量在狒狒密度最低时仍然相当可观)。然而，在现实生活中，个体数量的随机波动，以及狒狒的家庭结构和生命周期，可能会导致狒狒实际上灭绝，结果，猎豹也会灭绝。这个建模问题被称为“ atto-fox 问题” ，也就是狐狸的一个概念。
旁白: 这些图表说明了作为生物模型的一个严重的潜在问题: 对于这个特定的参数选择，在每个周期中，狒狒的数量减少到极低的数量，但是恢复了(而猎豹的数量在狒狒密度最低时仍然相当可观)。然而，在现实生活中，个体数量的随机波动，以及狒狒的家庭结构和生命周期，可能会导致狒狒实际上灭绝，结果，猎豹也会灭绝。这个建模问题被称为“ atto-fox 问题” ，也就是狐狸的一个概念。
===Phase-space plot of a further example===
[[Image:Lotka-Volterra orbits 01.svg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px]]A less extreme example covers:
300x300pxA less extreme example covers:
300x300pxA less extreme example covers:
300x300pxA 不那么极端的例子包括:
300x300pxA 不那么极端的例子包括:
{{mvar|α}} = 2/3, {{mvar|β}} = 4/3, {{mvar|γ}} = 1 = {{mvar|δ}}. Assume {{math|''x'', ''y''}} quantify thousands each. Circles represent prey and predator initial conditions from {{mvar|x}} = {{mvar|y}} = 0.9 to 1.8, in steps of 0.1. The fixed point is at (1, 1/2).
= 2/3, = 4/3, = 1 = . Assume quantify thousands each. Circles represent prey and predator initial conditions from = = 0.9 to 1.8, in steps of 0.1. The fixed point is at (1, 1/2).
= 2/3, = 4/3, = 1 = . Assume quantify thousands each. Circles represent prey and predator initial conditions from = = 0.9 to 1.8, in steps of 0.1. The fixed point is at (1, 1/2).
===Phase-space plot of a further example===
==Dynamics of the system==
In the model system, the predators thrive when there are plentiful prey but, ultimately, outstrip their food supply and decline. As the predator population is low, the prey population will increase again. These dynamics continue in a cycle of growth and decline.
In the model system, the predators thrive when there are plentiful prey but, ultimately, outstrip their food supply and decline. As the predator population is low, the prey population will increase again. These dynamics continue in a cycle of growth and decline.
In the model system, the predators thrive when there are plentiful prey but, ultimately, outstrip their food supply and decline. As the predator population is low, the prey population will increase again. These dynamics continue in a cycle of growth and decline.
在模型系统中，当猎物数量充足时，捕食者就会兴旺发达，但最终会超过食物供应量而减少。当捕食者数量较少时，猎物数量又会增加。这些动态在增长和衰退的循环中继续。
在模型系统中，当猎物数量充足时，捕食者就会兴旺发达，但最终会超过食物供应量而减少。当捕食者数量较少时，猎物数量又会增加。这些动态在增长和衰退的循环中继续。
===Population equilibrium===
Population equilibrium occurs in the model when neither of the population levels is changing, i.e. when both of the derivatives are equal to 0:
Population equilibrium occurs in the model when neither of the population levels is changing, i.e. when both of the derivatives are equal to 0:
Population equilibrium occurs in the model when neither of the population levels is changing, i.e. when both of the derivatives are equal to 0:
人口均衡发生在模型中，当两个人口水平都没有变化时，即。当两个导数都等于0时:
人口均衡发生在模型中，当两个人口水平都没有变化时，即。当两个导数都等于0时:
:<math>x(\alpha - \beta y) = 0,</math>
<math>x(\alpha - \beta y) = 0,</math>
<math>x(\alpha - \beta y) = 0,</math>
X (alpha-beta y) = 0
X (alpha-beta y) = 0
:<math>-y(\gamma - \delta x) = 0.</math>
<math>-y(\gamma - \delta x) = 0.</math>
<math>-y(\gamma - \delta x) = 0.</math>
< math >-y (gamma-delta x) = 0 </math >
< math >-y (gamma-delta x) = 0 </math >
The above system of equations yields two solutions:
The above system of equations yields two solutions:
The above system of equations yields two solutions:
上述方程组得出两个解:
上述方程组得出两个解:
:<math>-y(\gamma - \delta x) = 0.</math>
:<math>\{y = 0,\ \ x = 0\}</math>
<math>\{y = 0,\ \ x = 0\}</math>
<math>\{y = 0,\ \ x = 0\}</math>
and
and
and
:<math>\{y = 0,\ \ x = 0\}</math>
:<math>\left\{y = \frac{\alpha}{\beta},\ \ x = \frac{\gamma}{\delta} \right\}.</math>
<math>\left\{y = \frac{\alpha}{\beta},\ \ x = \frac{\gamma}{\delta} \right\}.</math>
<math>\left\{y = \frac{\alpha}{\beta},\ \ x = \frac{\gamma}{\delta} \right\}.</math>
Hence, there are two equilibria.
Hence, there are two equilibria.
Hence, there are two equilibria.
The first solution effectively represents the extinction of both species. If both populations are at 0, then they will continue to be so indefinitely. The second solution represents a fixed point at which both populations sustain their current, non-zero numbers, and, in the simplified model, do so indefinitely. The levels of population at which this equilibrium is achieved depend on the chosen values of the parameters ''α'', ''β'', ''γ'', and ''δ''.
The first solution effectively represents the extinction of both species. If both populations are at 0, then they will continue to be so indefinitely. The second solution represents a fixed point at which both populations sustain their current, non-zero numbers, and, in the simplified model, do so indefinitely. The levels of population at which this equilibrium is achieved depend on the chosen values of the parameters α, β, γ, and δ.
The first solution effectively represents the extinction of both species. If both populations are at 0, then they will continue to be so indefinitely. The second solution represents a fixed point at which both populations sustain their current, non-zero numbers, and, in the simplified model, do so indefinitely. The levels of population at which this equilibrium is achieved depend on the chosen values of the parameters α, β, γ, and δ.
===Stability of the fixed points===
The stability of the fixed point at the origin can be determined by performing a [[linearization]] using [[partial derivative]]s.
The stability of the fixed point at the origin can be determined by performing a linearization using partial derivatives.
The stability of the fixed point at the origin can be determined by performing a linearization using partial derivatives.
原点不动点的稳定性可以通过用偏导数进行线性化来确定。
原点不动点的稳定性可以通过用偏导数进行线性化来确定。
The [[Jacobian matrix]] of the predator–prey model is
The Jacobian matrix of the predator–prey model is
The Jacobian matrix of the predator–prey model is
该模型的雅可比矩阵为
该模型的雅可比矩阵为
:<math>J(x, y) = \begin{bmatrix}
<math>J(x, y) = \begin{bmatrix}
<math>J(x, y) = \begin{bmatrix}
< math > j (x，y) = begin { bmatrix }
< math > j (x，y) = begin { bmatrix }
\alpha - \beta y & -\beta x \\
\alpha - \beta y & -\beta x \\
\alpha - \beta y & -\beta x \\
Alpha-beta y &-beta x
Alpha-beta y &-beta x
\delta y & \delta x - \gamma
\delta y & \delta x - \gamma
\delta y & \delta x - \gamma
Delta y & delta x-gamma
Delta y & delta x-gamma
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
结束{ bmatrix }
结束{ bmatrix } . </math >
and is known as the [[community matrix]].
and is known as the community matrix.
and is known as the community matrix.
被称为社区矩阵。
被称为社区矩阵。
====First fixed point (extinction)====
When evaluated at the steady state of (0, 0), the Jacobian matrix ''J'' becomes
When evaluated at the steady state of (0, 0), the Jacobian matrix J becomes
When evaluated at the steady state of (0, 0), the Jacobian matrix J becomes
当求解稳态(0,0)时，雅可比矩阵 j 变为
当求解稳态(0,0)时，雅可比矩阵 j 变为
:<math>J(0, 0) = \begin{bmatrix}
<math>J(0, 0) = \begin{bmatrix}
<math>J(0, 0) = \begin{bmatrix}
(0,0) = begin { bmatrix }
\alpha & 0 \\
\alpha & 0 \\
\alpha & 0 \\
阿尔法 & 0
阿尔法 & 0
0 & -\gamma
0 & -\gamma
0 & -\gamma
0 &-gamma
0 &-gamma
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
结束{ bmatrix } . </math >
The [[eigenvalue]]s of this matrix are
The eigenvalues of this matrix are
The eigenvalues of this matrix are
这个矩阵的特征值是
这个矩阵的特征值是
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
:<math>\lambda_1 = \alpha, \quad \lambda_2 = -\gamma.</math>
<math>\lambda_1 = \alpha, \quad \lambda_2 = -\gamma.</math>
<math>\lambda_1 = \alpha, \quad \lambda_2 = -\gamma.</math>
In the model ''α'' and ''γ'' are always greater than zero, and as such the sign of the eigenvalues above will always differ. Hence the fixed point at the origin is a [[saddle point]].
In the model α and γ are always greater than zero, and as such the sign of the eigenvalues above will always differ. Hence the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point.
In the model α and γ are always greater than zero, and as such the sign of the eigenvalues above will always differ. Hence the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point.
The stability of this fixed point is of significance. If it were stable, non-zero populations might be attracted towards it, and as such the dynamics of the system might lead towards the extinction of both species for many cases of initial population levels. However, as the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point, and hence unstable, it follows that the extinction of both species is difficult in the model. (In fact, this could only occur if the prey were artificially completely eradicated, causing the predators to die of starvation. If the predators were eradicated, the prey population would grow without bound in this simple model.) The populations of prey and predator can get infinitesimally close to zero and still recover.
The stability of this fixed point is of significance. If it were stable, non-zero populations might be attracted towards it, and as such the dynamics of the system might lead towards the extinction of both species for many cases of initial population levels. However, as the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point, and hence unstable, it follows that the extinction of both species is difficult in the model. (In fact, this could only occur if the prey were artificially completely eradicated, causing the predators to die of starvation. If the predators were eradicated, the prey population would grow without bound in this simple model.) The populations of prey and predator can get infinitesimally close to zero and still recover.
The stability of this fixed point is of significance. If it were stable, non-zero populations might be attracted towards it, and as such the dynamics of the system might lead towards the extinction of both species for many cases of initial population levels. However, as the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point, and hence unstable, it follows that the extinction of both species is difficult in the model. (In fact, this could only occur if the prey were artificially completely eradicated, causing the predators to die of starvation. If the predators were eradicated, the prey population would grow without bound in this simple model.) The populations of prey and predator can get infinitesimally close to zero and still recover.
这个不动点的稳定性具有重要意义。如果它是稳定的，可能会吸引非零种群，因此，在许多初始种群水平的情况下，系统的动态可能导致两个物种的灭绝。然而，由于原点的不动点是鞍点，因此是不稳定的，因此在模型中两种物种的灭绝都是困难的。(事实上，只有当猎物被人为地完全消灭，导致捕食者饿死时，才会发生这种情况。如果捕食者被消灭，在这个简单的模型中，被捕食者的数量将会无限增长捕食者和被捕食者的数量可以无限小地接近于零，并且仍然可以恢复。
====Second fixed point (oscillations)====
Evaluating ''J'' at the second fixed point leads to
Evaluating J at the second fixed point leads to
Evaluating J at the second fixed point leads to
在第二个固定点上对 j 进行评价
在第二个固定点上对 j 进行评价
:<math>J\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right) = \begin{bmatrix}
<math>J\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right) = \begin{bmatrix}
<math>J\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right) = \begin{bmatrix}
J left (frac { gamma }{ delta } ，frac { alpha }{ beta }右) = begin { bmatrix }
0 & -\frac{\beta \gamma}{\delta} \\
0 & -\frac{\beta \gamma}{\delta} \\
0 & -\frac{\beta \gamma}{\delta} \\
0 &-frac { beta gamma }{ delta }
0 &-frac { beta gamma }{ delta }
\frac{\alpha \delta}{\beta} & 0
\frac{\alpha \delta}{\beta} & 0
\frac{\alpha \delta}{\beta} & 0
0.0.0
0.0.0
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
\end{bmatrix}.</math>
结束{ bmatrix }
结束{ bmatrix } . </math >
The eigenvalues of this matrix are
The eigenvalues of this matrix are
The eigenvalues of this matrix are
这个矩阵的特征值是
这个矩阵的特征值是
:<math>\lambda_1 = i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}, \quad \lambda_2 = -i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}.
<math>\lambda_1 = i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}, \quad \lambda_2 = -i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}.
<math>\lambda_1 = i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}, \quad \lambda_2 = -i \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}.
1 = i sqrt { alpha gamma } ，quad lambda 2 =-i sqrt { alpha gamma }.
1 = i sqrt { alpha gamma } ，quad lambda 2 =-i sqrt { alpha gamma }.
</math>
</math>
</math>
As the eigenvalues are both purely imaginary and conjugate to each others, this fixed point is [[Dynamical system#Conjugation results|elliptic]], so the solutions are periodic, oscillating on a small ellipse around the fixed point, with a frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2} = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math> and period <math>T = 2{\pi}/(\sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2})</math>.
As the eigenvalues are both purely imaginary and conjugate to each others, this fixed point is elliptic, so the solutions are periodic, oscillating on a small ellipse around the fixed point, with a frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2} = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math> and period <math>T = 2{\pi}/(\sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2})</math>.
As the eigenvalues are both purely imaginary and conjugate to each others, this fixed point is elliptic, so the solutions are periodic, oscillating on a small ellipse around the fixed point, with a frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2} = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math> and period <math>T = 2{\pi}/(\sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2})</math>.
由于本征值都是纯虚的，并且彼此共轭，这个不动点是椭圆的，所以解是周期性的，振荡在一个小椭圆上围绕着不动点，具有频率 < math > omega = sqrt { αγ } </math > 和周期 < math > t = 2{ pi }/(sqrt { lambda _ 1 da _ 2}) </math > 。
</math>
As illustrated in the circulating oscillations in the figure above, the level curves are closed [[orbit (dynamics)|orbit]]s surrounding the fixed point: the levels of the predator and prey populations cycle and oscillate without [[damping]] around the fixed point with frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math>.
As illustrated in the circulating oscillations in the figure above, the level curves are closed orbits surrounding the fixed point: the levels of the predator and prey populations cycle and oscillate without damping around the fixed point with frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math>.
As illustrated in the circulating oscillations in the figure above, the level curves are closed orbits surrounding the fixed point: the levels of the predator and prey populations cycle and oscillate without damping around the fixed point with frequency <math>\omega = \sqrt{\alpha \gamma}</math>.
如上图所示，水平曲线是围绕固定点的闭合轨道: 捕食者和被捕食者种群的水平循环，在固定点周围振荡而没有阻尼，频率 < math > omega = sqrt { alpha } </math > 。
The value of the [[constant of motion]] ''V'', or, equivalently, ''K'' = exp(''V''), <math>K = y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x}</math>, can be found for the closed orbits near the fixed point.
The value of the constant of motion V, or, equivalently, K = exp(V), <math>K = y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x}</math>, can be found for the closed orbits near the fixed point.
The value of the constant of motion V, or, equivalently, K = exp(V), <math>K = y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x}</math>, can be found for the closed orbits near the fixed point.
运动常数 v 的值，或者，等价地，k = exp (v) ，< math > k = y ^ alpha ^ e ^ gamma ^ e ^ {-delta x } </math > ，可以在不动点附近的闭合轨道上找到。
运动常数 v 的值，或者等价地 k = exp (v) ，< math > k = y ^ αe ^ {-beta y } x ^ gamma ^ {-delta x } </math > ，可以在不动点附近的闭合轨道上找到。
Increasing ''K'' moves a closed orbit closer to the fixed point. The largest value of the constant ''K'' is obtained by solving the optimization problem
Increasing K moves a closed orbit closer to the fixed point. The largest value of the constant K is obtained by solving the optimization problem
Increasing K moves a closed orbit closer to the fixed point. The largest value of the constant K is obtained by solving the optimization problem
增 k 使闭合轨道更接近于固定点。常数 k 的最大值是通过求解最佳化问题得到的
增 k 使闭合轨道更接近于固定点。常数 k 的最大值是通过求解最佳化问题得到的
:<math>y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x} = \frac{y^\alpha x^\gamma}{e^{\delta x+\beta y}} \longrightarrow \max\limits_{x,y>0}.</math>
<math>y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x} = \frac{y^\alpha x^\gamma}{e^{\delta x+\beta y}} \longrightarrow \max\limits_{x,y>0}.</math>
<math>y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x} = \frac{y^\alpha x^\gamma}{e^{\delta x+\beta y}} \longrightarrow \max\limits_{x,y>0}.</math>
{-beta y } x ^ gamma ^ e ^ {-delta x } = frac { y ^ alpha ^ gamma }{ e ^ { delta x + beta y }}长右列最大极限{ x，y > 0}。 </math >
< math > y ^ alpha ^ e ^ {-beta y } x ^ gamma ^ {-delta x } = frac { y ^ alpha ^ gamma }{ e ^ { delta x + beta y }}{ longright tarrow max limits { x，y > 0}。 </math >
The value of the [[constant of motion]] ''V'', or, equivalently, ''K'' = exp(''V''), <math>K = y^\alpha e^{-\beta y} x^\gamma e^{-\delta x}</math>, can be found for the closed orbits near the fixed point.
The maximal value of ''K'' is thus attained at the stationary (fixed) point <math>\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right)</math> and amounts to
The maximal value of K is thus attained at the stationary (fixed) point <math>\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right)</math> and amounts to
The maximal value of K is thus attained at the stationary (fixed) point <math>\left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta}, \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right)</math> and amounts to
因此，k 的最大值是在稳定(不动)点 < math > 左(frac { gamma }{ delta } ，frac { alpha }{ beta }右) </math >
因此，k 的最大值是在稳定(不动)点 < math > 左(frac { gamma }{ delta } ，frac { alpha }{ beta }右) </math >
:<math>K^* = \left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta e}\right)^\alpha \left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta e}\right)^\gamma,</math>
<math>K^* = \left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta e}\right)^\alpha \left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta e}\right)^\gamma,</math>
<math>K^* = \left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta e}\right)^\alpha \left(\frac{\gamma}{\delta e}\right)^\gamma,</math>
< math > k ^ * = left (frac { alpha }{ beta e } right) ^ alpha left (frac { gamma }{ delta e } right) ^ gamma，</math >
< math > k ^ * = left (frac { alpha }{ beta e } right) ^ alpha left (frac { gamma }{ delta e } right) ^ gamma，</math >
where ''e'' is [[e (mathematical constant)|Euler's number]].
where e is Euler's number.
where e is Euler's number.
其中 e 是欧拉数。
其中 e 是欧拉数。
{{modelling ecosystems|expanded=other}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lotka-Volterra Equation}}
[[Category:Predation]]
Category:Predation
Category:Predation
类别: 掠夺
类别: 掠夺
[[Category:Ordinary differential equations]]
Category:Ordinary differential equations
Category:Ordinary differential equations
类别: 常微分方程
类别: 常微分方程
[[Category:Fixed points (mathematics)]]
Category:Fixed points (mathematics)
Category:Fixed points (mathematics)
类别: 定点(数学)
类别: 定点(数学)
[[Category:Population models]]
Category:Population models
Category:Population models
类别: 人口模型
类别: 人口模型
[[Category:Predation]]
[[Category:Mathematical modeling]]
Category:Mathematical modeling
Category:Mathematical modeling
类别: 数学建模
类别: 数学建模
[[Category:Ordinary differential equations]]
[[Category:Community ecology]]
Category:Community ecology
Category:Community ecology