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通用人工智能 (查看源代码)

2020年11月12日 (四) 23:33的版本

删除19字节 、 2020年11月12日 (四) 23:33
→‎Strong AI and consciousness 强人工智能和意识
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In 1980, philosopher John Searle coined the term "strong AI" as part of his Chinese room argument. He wanted to distinguish between two different hypotheses about artificial intelligence:
 
In 1980, philosopher John Searle coined the term "strong AI" as part of his Chinese room argument. He wanted to distinguish between two different hypotheses about artificial intelligence:
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1980年，哲学家约翰•塞尔(John Searle)将“强人工智能”(strong AI)一词作为他在中文屋论证的一部分。他想要区分关于人工智能的两种不同假设:
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1980年，哲学家约翰•塞尔(John Searle)提出“强人工智能”(strong AI)一词作为他在中文屋论证的一部分。他想要区分关于人工智能的两种不同假设:
    
* An artificial intelligence system can ''think'' and have a ''mind''.  (The word "mind" has a specific meaning for philosophers, as used in "the [[mind body problem]]" or "the [[philosophy of mind]]".)
 
* An artificial intelligence system can ''think'' and have a ''mind''.  (The word "mind" has a specific meaning for philosophers, as used in "the [[mind body problem]]" or "the [[philosophy of mind]]".)
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*一个人工智能系统可以思考并拥有思维。（词语“思维”对哲学家来说有特殊意义，正如在“身心问题”或“心灵哲学”中的使用一样。）
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*一个人工智能系统可以思考并拥有心灵。（词语“心灵”对哲学家来说有特殊意义，正如在“身心问题”或“心灵哲学”中的使用一样。）
    
* An artificial intelligence system can (only) ''act like'' it thinks and has a mind.
 
* An artificial intelligence system can (only) ''act like'' it thinks and has a mind.
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*一个人工智能系统可以（仅仅）按它所想而“行动”，并且拥有思维。
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*一个人工智能系统（仅仅）可以表现得像是能思考、拥有心灵那样去行动。
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The first one is called "the ''strong'' AI hypothesis" and the second is "the ''weak'' AI hypothesis" because the first one makes the ''stronger'' statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test. Searle referred to the "strong AI hypothesis" as "strong AI". This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.<ref>For example:
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The first one is called "the ''strong'' AI hypothesis" and the second is "the ''weak'' AI hypothesis" because the first one makes the ''stronger'' statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test. Searle referred to the "strong AI hypothesis" as "strong AI". This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.
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The first one is called "the strong AI hypothesis" and the second is "the weak AI hypothesis" because the first one makes the stronger statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test. Searle referred to the "strong AI hypothesis" as "strong AI". This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.<ref>For example:
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The first one is called "the strong AI hypothesis" and the second is "the weak AI hypothesis" because the first one makes the stronger statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test. Searle referred to the "strong AI hypothesis" as "strong AI". This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.
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第一条被称为“强人工智能假设” ，第二条被称为“弱人工智能假设”，因为第一条假设提出了更强的陈述: 它假定机器发生了某种特殊的事件，超出了我们能够测试的所有能力。塞尔将“'''<font color="#ff8000">强人工智能假说(strong AI hypothesis)</font>'''”称为“强人工智能”。这种用法在人工智能学术研究和教科书中也很常见。例如:
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第一条被称为“强人工智能假设” ，第二条被称为“弱人工智能假设”，因为第一条假设提出了更强的陈述: 它假定机器发生了某种特殊的事件，超出了我们能够测试的所有能力。塞尔将“'''<font color="#ff8000">强人工智能假说(strong AI hypothesis)</font>'''”称为“强人工智能”。这种用法在人工智能学术研究和教科书中也很常见。<ref>For example:
 
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003}},
 
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003}},
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* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-strongAI.html Oxford University Press Dictionary of Psychology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203103022/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-strongAI.html |date=3 December 2007 }} (quoted in "High Beam Encyclopedia"),
 
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-strongAI.html Oxford University Press Dictionary of Psychology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203103022/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-strongAI.html |date=3 December 2007 }} (quoted in "High Beam Encyclopedia"),
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* [http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/phil.html MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719074502/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/phil.html |date=19 July 2008 }} (quoted in "AITopics")
 
* [http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/phil.html MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719074502/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/phil.html |date=19 July 2008 }} (quoted in "AITopics")
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* [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html Planet Math] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919012830/http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html |date=19 September 2007 }}
 
* [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html Planet Math] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919012830/http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html |date=19 September 2007 }}
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* [http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/tongen_2003-11-07.htm Will Biological Computers Enable Artificially Intelligent Machines to Become Persons?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513031753/http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/tongen_2003-11-07.htm |date=13 May 2008 }} Anthony Tongen</ref>
 
* [http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/tongen_2003-11-07.htm Will Biological Computers Enable Artificially Intelligent Machines to Become Persons?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513031753/http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/tongen_2003-11-07.htm |date=13 May 2008 }} Anthony Tongen</ref>
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The weak AI hypothesis is equivalent to the hypothesis that artificial general intelligence is possible. According to Russell and Norvig, "Most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the strong AI hypothesis."
 
The weak AI hypothesis is equivalent to the hypothesis that artificial general intelligence is possible. According to Russell and Norvig, "Most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the strong AI hypothesis."
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弱人工智能假说等同于通用人工智能是可能的假说。根据罗素和诺维格的说法，“大多数人工智能研究人员认为弱人工智能假说是理所当然的，并且不关心强人工智能假说。”
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弱人工智能假说其实就意味着通用人工智能是可能的。根据罗素和诺维格的说法，“大多数人工智能研究人员认为弱人工智能假说是理所当然的，并且不关心强人工智能假说。”
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虽然意识在强人工智能/通用人工智能中的作用是有争议的，但是很多通用人工智能的研究人员认为研究实现意识的可能性是至关重要的。在早期的努力中，伊格尔·亚历山大(Igor Aleksander)认为创造一个有意识的机器的原则已经存在，但是训练这样一个机器去理解语言可能需要四十年。
 
虽然意识在强人工智能/通用人工智能中的作用是有争议的，但是很多通用人工智能的研究人员认为研究实现意识的可能性是至关重要的。在早期的努力中，伊格尔·亚历山大(Igor Aleksander)认为创造一个有意识的机器的原则已经存在，但是训练这样一个机器去理解语言可能需要四十年。
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==Possible explanations for the slow progress of AI research  人工智能研究进展缓慢的可能解释==
 
==Possible explanations for the slow progress of AI research  人工智能研究进展缓慢的可能解释==
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