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第392行：
第392行： − + − + 第402行：
第402行： − 除了与在科幻小说和人工智能伦理中扮演重要角色的强人工智能概念有关的智能，人类思维还有其他方面:+ − 意识：拥有主观体验和思想。值得一提的是意识是很难定义的。由托马斯·内格尔给出的一个著名定义陈述如下：一个事物如果能体会到某种感觉，那么它是有意识的。如果我们不是有意识的，那么我们不会有任何感觉。内格尔以蝙蝠为例：我们可以凭借感觉问出：“成为一只蝙蝠的感觉如何？”但是，我们不大可能问出：“成为一个吐司机的感觉如何？”内格尔总结认为蝙蝠像是有意识的（即拥有意识），但是吐司机却不是。 − − 自我意识：能够意识到自己是一个独立的个体，尤其是意识到自己的思想。 − − 知觉：主观地感受概念或者情感的能力。+ − * [[sapience]]: The capacity for wisdom. − 智慧：容纳知识的能力。 + + + + 第422行：
第420行： − 这些特征具有道德维度，因为拥有这种强人工智能形式的机器可能拥有法律权利，类似于非人类动物的权利。因此，已经开展了初步工作，探讨如何将全面的道德行为者纳入现有的法律和社会框架。这些方法都集中在强大的人工智能的法律地位和权利上。+ 第430行：
第428行： − + − 例如，智能行为可能足以判定机器产生了知觉，而非反过来。+ − + − − 第446行：
第442行： − +
→Strong AI and consciousness 强人工智能和意识
In science fiction, AGI is associated with traits such as consciousness, sentience, sapience, and self-awareness observed in living beings. However, according to Searle, it is an open question whether general intelligence is sufficient for consciousness. "Strong AI" (as defined above by Kurzweil) should not be confused with Searle's "strong AI hypothesis." The strong AI hypothesis is the claim that a computer which behaves as intelligently as a person must also necessarily have a mind and consciousness. AGI refers only to the amount of intelligence that the machine displays, with or without a mind.
In science fiction, AGI is associated with traits such as consciousness, sentience, sapience, and self-awareness observed in living beings. However, according to Searle, it is an open question whether general intelligence is sufficient for consciousness. "Strong AI" (as defined above by Kurzweil) should not be confused with Searle's "strong AI hypothesis." The strong AI hypothesis is the claim that a computer which behaves as intelligently as a person must also necessarily have a mind and consciousness. AGI refers only to the amount of intelligence that the machine displays, with or without a mind.
在科幻小说中，通用人工智能与生物所具有的的意识、知觉、智慧和自我意识等特征有关。然而，根据塞尔的说法，一般智力是否足以产生意识还是一个悬而未决的问题。“强人工智能”(如上文库兹韦尔所定义的)不应与塞尔的“强人工智能假设”相混淆。强人工智能假说认为，一台像人一样智能运行的计算机必然具有思想和意识。通用人工智能只是指机器显示的智能程度，不管有没有头脑。
在科幻小说中，通用人工智能与生物所具有的的意识、知觉、智慧和自我意识等特征有关。然而，根据塞尔的说法，一般智力是否足以产生意识还是一个悬而未决的问题。“强人工智能”(如上文库兹韦尔所定义的)不应与塞尔的“强人工智能假设”相混淆。强人工智能假说认为，一台像人一样智能运行的计算机必然具有思想和意识。通用人工智能只是指机器显示出来的智能程度，而与机器是否拥有心灵无关。
===Consciousness 意识===
===意识===
There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in [[science fiction]] and the [[ethics of artificial intelligence]]:
There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in [[science fiction]] and the [[ethics of artificial intelligence]]:
There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in science fiction and the ethics of artificial intelligence:
There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in science fiction and the ethics of artificial intelligence:
除了“智能”这一与强人工智能概念相关的方面，人类思维还有其他方面:
* [[consciousness]]: To have [[qualia|subjective experience]] and [[thought]].<ref>Note that [[consciousness]] is difficult to define. A popular definition, due to [[Thomas Nagel]], is that it "feels like" something to be conscious. If we are not conscious, then it doesn't feel like anything. Nagel uses the example of a bat: we can sensibly ask "what does it feel like to be a bat?" However, we are unlikely to ask "what does it feel like to be a toaster?" Nagel concludes that a bat appears to be conscious (i.e. has consciousness) but a toaster does not. See {{Harv|Nagel|1974}}</ref>
* [[consciousness]]: To have [[qualia|subjective experience]] and [[thought]].<ref>Note that [[consciousness]] is difficult to define. A popular definition, due to [[Thomas Nagel]], is that it "feels like" something to be conscious. If we are not conscious, then it doesn't feel like anything. Nagel uses the example of a bat: we can sensibly ask "what does it feel like to be a bat?" However, we are unlikely to ask "what does it feel like to be a toaster?" Nagel concludes that a bat appears to be conscious (i.e. has consciousness) but a toaster does not. See {{Harv|Nagel|1974}}</ref>
* [[self-awareness]]: To be aware of oneself as a separate individual, especially to be aware of one's own thoughts.
* [[self-awareness]]: To be aware of oneself as a separate individual, especially to be aware of one's own thoughts.
* [[sentience]]: The ability to "feel" perceptions or emotions subjectively.
* [[sentience]]: The ability to "feel" perceptions or emotions subjectively.
* [[sapience]]: The capacity for wisdom.
*意识：拥有主观体验和思想。值得一提的是意识是很难定义的。由托马斯·内格尔给出的一个著名定义陈述如下：一个事物如果能体会到某种感觉，那么它是有意识的。如果我们不是有意识的，那么我们不会有任何感觉。内格尔以蝙蝠为例：我们可以凭借感觉问出：“成为一只蝙蝠的感觉如何？”但是，我们不大可能问出：“成为一个吐司机的感觉如何？”内格尔总结认为蝙蝠像是有意识的（即拥有意识），但是吐司机却不是。
*自我意识：能够意识到自己是一个独立的个体，尤其是意识到自己的思想。
*知觉：主观地感受概念或者情感的能力。
*智慧：容纳知识的能力。
These traits have a moral dimension, because a machine with this form of strong AI may have legal rights, analogous to the rights of non-human animals. As such, preliminary work has been conducted on approaches to integrating full ethical agents with existing legal and social frameworks. These approaches have focused on the legal position and rights of 'strong' AI.
These traits have a moral dimension, because a machine with this form of strong AI may have legal rights, analogous to the rights of non-human animals. As such, preliminary work has been conducted on approaches to integrating full ethical agents with existing legal and social frameworks. These approaches have focused on the legal position and rights of 'strong' AI.
这些特征具有道德维度，因为拥有这种强人工智能形式的机器可能拥有法律权利，类似于非人类动物的权利。因此，一些初步工作已经开展，探讨如何将完全道德主体纳入现有的法律和社会框架。这些方法都集中在“强”人工智能的法律地位和权利上。
However, Bill Joy, among others, argues a machine with these traits may be a threat to human life or dignity. It remains to be shown whether any of these traits are necessary for strong AI. The role of consciousness is not clear, and currently there is no agreed test for its presence. If a machine is built with a device that simulates the neural correlates of consciousness, would it automatically have self-awareness? It is also possible that some of these properties, such as sentience, naturally emerge from a fully intelligent machine, or that it becomes natural to ascribe these properties to machines once they begin to act in a way that is clearly intelligent. For example, intelligent action may be sufficient for sentience, rather than the other way around.
However, Bill Joy, among others, argues a machine with these traits may be a threat to human life or dignity. It remains to be shown whether any of these traits are necessary for strong AI. The role of consciousness is not clear, and currently there is no agreed test for its presence. If a machine is built with a device that simulates the neural correlates of consciousness, would it automatically have self-awareness? It is also possible that some of these properties, such as sentience, naturally emerge from a fully intelligent machine, or that it becomes natural to ascribe these properties to machines once they begin to act in a way that is clearly intelligent. For example, intelligent action may be sufficient for sentience, rather than the other way around.
然而，比尔·乔伊(Bill Joy)等人认为，具有这些特征的机器可能会威胁到人类的生命或尊严。这些特征对于强人工智能来说是否是必要的还有待证明。意识的作用并不清楚，目前也没有针对其存在而进行的一致的测试。如果一台机器装有一个模拟与意识相关的神经的装置，它会自动具有自我意识吗？也有可能这些特性中的一些，比如感知能力，自然而然地从一个完全智能的机器中产生，或者一旦机器开始以一种明显智能的方式行动，人们就会自然而然地认为这些特性是机器自主产生的。
然而，比尔·乔伊(Bill Joy)等人认为，具有这些特征的机器可能会威胁到人类的生命或尊严。这些特征对于强人工智能来说是否是必要的还有待证明。意识的作用并不清楚，目前也没有公认的测试来确定其存在。如果一台机器装有一个能模拟与意识相关神经的装置，它会自动具有自我意识吗？也有可能这些特性中的一些，比如感知能力，自然而然地从一个完全智能的机器中产生，或者一旦机器开始以一种明显智能的方式行动，人们就会自然而然地认为这些特性是机器自主产生的。例如，智能行为可能足以判定机器产生了知觉，而非反过来。
--[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“或者一旦机器开始以一种明显智能的方式行动，，人们就会自然而然地认为这些特性是机器自主产生的。”对应原句“or that it becomes natural to ascribe these properties to machines once they begin to act in a way that is clearly intelligent.”与原句在语序和措辞上略有不同，是译者考虑到中文的阅读习惯在不改变原意的条件下意译得出的。
--[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“或者一旦机器开始以一种明显智能的方式行动，，人们就会自然而然地认为这些特性是机器自主产生的。”对应原句“or that it becomes natural to ascribe these properties to machines once they begin to act in a way that is clearly intelligent.”与原句在语序和措辞上略有不同，是译者考虑到中文的阅读习惯在不改变原意的条件下意译得出的。
--[[用户:Qige96|Ricky]]（[[用户讨论:Qige96|Ricky]]）已采纳
===Artificial consciousness research 人工意识研究===
===人工意识研究===
{{Main|Artificial consciousness}}
{{Main|Artificial consciousness}}
Although the role of consciousness in strong AI/AGI is debatable, many AGI researchers{{sfn|Yudkowsky|2006}} regard research that investigates possibilities for implementing consciousness as vital. In an early effort [[Igor Aleksander]]{{sfn|Aleksander|1996}} argued that the principles for creating a conscious machine already existed but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand [[language]].
Although the role of consciousness in strong AI/AGI is debatable, many AGI researchers{{sfn|Yudkowsky|2006}} regard research that investigates possibilities for implementing consciousness as vital. In an early effort [[Igor Aleksander]]{{sfn|Aleksander|1996}} argued that the principles for creating a conscious machine already existed but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand [[language]].
Although the role of consciousness in strong AI/AGI is debatable, many AGI researchers regard research that investigates possibilities for implementing consciousness as vital. In an early effort Igor Aleksander argued that the principles for creating a conscious machine already existed but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand language.
Although the role of consciousness in strong AI/AGI is debatable, many AGI researchers regard research that investigates possibilities for implementing consciousness as vital. In an early effort Igor Aleksander argued that the principles for creating a conscious machine already existed but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand language.
虽然意识在强人工智能/通用人工智能中的作用是有争议的，但是很多通用人工智能的研究人员认为研究实现意识的可能性是至关重要的。在早期的努力中，伊格尔·亚历山大(Igor Aleksander)认为创造一个有意识的机器的原则已经存在，但是训练这样一个机器去理解语言可能需要四十年。
虽然意识在强人工智能/通用人工智能中的作用是有争议的，但是很多通用人工智能的研究人员认为研究实现意识的可能性是至关重要的。在早期的努力中，伊格尔·亚历山大(Igor Aleksander)认为如何创造一个有意识的机器的知识已经存在，但是训练这样一个机器去理解语言可能需要四十年。
==Possible explanations for the slow progress of AI research 人工智能研究进展缓慢的可能解释==
==Possible explanations for the slow progress of AI research 人工智能研究进展缓慢的可能解释==