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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Holism (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共213，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
'''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.
整体论(源自希腊语 holos all，whole，entire)是指各种系统(例如:。物理的，生物的，社会的)应该被看作是整体，而不仅仅是一个部分的集合。“整体论”这个词是简 · 斯马茨在他1926年出版的《整体论与进化论》一书中提出的。
==Meaning==
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.
“整体论”的确切含义取决于语境。斯马茨最初用“整体主义”来指从单位结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。在这个意义上，“整体主义”也可以拼写为“整体主义” ，它可以与还原论或原子论形成对比。
=== Diet and health ===
The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
整体医疗这个术语用于饮食或医疗健康是指对食物、饮食或生活方式的直观看法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，”整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是治疗他/她的身体状况或症状。在这个意义上，整体论也可以被称为“整体论”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。实践整体饮食和健康方法的宗教机构的信徒，已经被证明比周围人群的寿命更长，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会。< ref name = " today. com/2016" > </ref >
== See also ==
*[[Antireductionism]]
*[[Emergentism]]
*[[Gaia hypothesis]]
*[[Holistic education]]
*[[Holism in science]]
* [[Monism]]
*[[Organicism]]
*[[Synergy]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, ''Holism: A Shopper's Guide'' Wiley. New York. 1992
* Phillips, D.C. ''Holistic Thought in Social Science''. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
{{Positivism}}
{{JanSmutsFooter}}
[[Category:Holism| ]]
[[Category:Philosophical theories]]
Category:Philosophical theories
范畴: 哲学理论
[[Category:Natural philosophy]]
Category:Natural philosophy
范畴: 自然哲学
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]
Category:Philosophy of science
范畴: 科学哲学
[[Category:Social theories]]
Category:Social theories
范畴: 社会理论
[[Category:Emergence]]
Category:Emergence
类别: 涌现
[[Category:Jan Smuts]]
Category:Jan Smuts
类别: Jan Smuts
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Holism]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[整体论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
'''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.
整体论(源自希腊语 holos all，whole，entire)是指各种系统(例如:。物理的，生物的，社会的)应该被看作是整体，而不仅仅是一个部分的集合。“整体论”这个词是简 · 斯马茨在他1926年出版的《整体论与进化论》一书中提出的。
==Meaning==
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.
“整体论”的确切含义取决于语境。斯马茨最初用“整体主义”来指从单位结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。在这个意义上，“整体主义”也可以拼写为“整体主义” ，它可以与还原论或原子论形成对比。
=== Diet and health ===
The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
整体医疗这个术语用于饮食或医疗健康是指对食物、饮食或生活方式的直观看法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，”整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是治疗他/她的身体状况或症状。在这个意义上，整体论也可以被称为“整体论”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。实践整体饮食和健康方法的宗教机构的信徒，已经被证明比周围人群的寿命更长，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会。< ref name = " today. com/2016" > </ref >
== See also ==
*[[Antireductionism]]
*[[Emergentism]]
*[[Gaia hypothesis]]
*[[Holistic education]]
*[[Holism in science]]
* [[Monism]]
*[[Organicism]]
*[[Synergy]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, ''Holism: A Shopper's Guide'' Wiley. New York. 1992
* Phillips, D.C. ''Holistic Thought in Social Science''. Stanford University Press. Stanford. 1976.
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
{{Positivism}}
{{JanSmutsFooter}}
[[Category:Holism| ]]
[[Category:Philosophical theories]]
Category:Philosophical theories
范畴: 哲学理论
[[Category:Natural philosophy]]
Category:Natural philosophy
范畴: 自然哲学
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]
Category:Philosophy of science
范畴: 科学哲学
[[Category:Social theories]]
Category:Social theories
范畴: 社会理论
[[Category:Emergence]]
Category:Emergence
类别: 涌现
[[Category:Jan Smuts]]
Category:Jan Smuts
类别: Jan Smuts
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Holism]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[整体论/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]