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'''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>

'''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>

Holism (from Greek  holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

Holism (from Greek  holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

==Meaning==

==Meaning含义==

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

 

=== Diet and health饮食与健康 ===

=== Diet and health ===

The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>

The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>

The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>

整体医疗这个术语用于饮食或医疗健康是指对食物、饮食或生活方式的直观看法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，”整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是治疗他/她的身体状况或症状。在这个意义上，整体论也可以被称为“整体论”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。实践整体饮食和健康方法的宗教机构的信徒，已经被证明比周围人群的寿命更长，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会。< ref name = " today. com/2016" > </ref >

当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。一个例子是在整体医学的背景下，“整体论”是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。从这个意义上讲，整体主义也可以称为“整体主义”。医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人情况推荐几种方法。宗教机构的信徒，实行全面的饮食和健康方法，已经被证明比周围的人口，包括印度教和基督复临安息日会的信徒寿命更长。

== See also ==

== See also参见 ==

*[[Antireductionism]]

*[[Antireductionism]]

 

*[[Emergentism]]

*[[Emergentism]]

 

*[[Gaia hypothesis]]

*[[Gaia hypothesis]]

 

*[[Holistic education]]

*[[Holistic education]]

 

*[[Holism in science]]

*[[Holism in science]]

 

* [[Monism]]

* [[Monism]]

 

*[[Organicism]]

*[[Organicism]]

 

*[[Synergy]]

*[[Synergy]]

 

==References参考==

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

== Further reading 拓展阅读==

* Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, ''Holism: A Shopper's Guide'' Wiley. New York. 1992

* Fodor, Jerry, and Ernst Lepore, ''Holism: A Shopper's Guide'' Wiley. New York. 1992

== External links ==

== External links外部链接 ==

{{Wiktionary}}

{{Wiktionary}}