− | 复杂适应系统这个术语,或者称'''[[复杂性科学]] Complexity science''',经常被用来描述围绕复杂适应系统此类系统研究而成长起来的''松散组织的(这里”松散组织的“个人认为可以意译为”相关的“即可)''学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架,并且是高度跨学科的,目标是寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolles |first1=Maurice |title=The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories |journal=Kybernetes |date=2018 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1354 |doi=10.1108/K-06-2018-0337}}</ref>:硬性理论使用精确的形式语言,倾向于认为主体本身具有有形的属性,并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵;而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述,而主体是同时具有有形和无形属性。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论,其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题也与软理论有关。自此之后,人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统'''上。 | + | 复杂适应系统这个术语,或者称'''[[复杂性科学]] Complexity science''',经常被用来描述围绕系统展开研究的相关学科领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架,并且是高度跨学科的,目标是寻求一些关于生命的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolles |first1=Maurice |title=The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories |journal=Kybernetes |date=2018 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1354 |doi=10.1108/K-06-2018-0337}}</ref>:硬性理论使用精确的形式语言,倾向于认为主体本身具有有形的属性,并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵;而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述,而主体是同时具有有形和无形属性。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论,其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题也与软理论有关。自此之后,人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统'''上。 |
− | 复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观性质上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| + | 复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观特性上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |