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  [[File:Nb3O7(OH)_self-organization2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|在200°C 的水热处理期间,微米级,<math>Nb_3O_7(OH)</math>立方体中的自组织。最初,无定形立方体逐渐转变为晶体纳米线的有序3D网格,如图模型所示。<ref>{{Cite journal | doi= 10.1039/C4TA02202E| title= Template-free synthesis of novel, highly-ordered 3D hierarchical Nb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(OH) superstructures with semiconductive and photoactive properties| journal= Journal of Materials Chemistry A| volume= 2| issue= 30| page= 12005| year= 2014| last1= Betzler | first1= S. B. | last2= Wisnet | first2= A. | last3= Breitbach | first3= B. | last4= Mitterbauer | first4= C. | last5= Weickert | first5= J. | last6= Schmidt-Mende | first6= L. | last7= Scheu | first7= C. |doi-access= free| url= https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/123456789/28968/1/Betzler_289681.pdf}}</ref>]]
 
  [[File:Nb3O7(OH)_self-organization2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|在200°C 的水热处理期间,微米级,<math>Nb_3O_7(OH)</math>立方体中的自组织。最初,无定形立方体逐渐转变为晶体纳米线的有序3D网格,如图模型所示。<ref>{{Cite journal | doi= 10.1039/C4TA02202E| title= Template-free synthesis of novel, highly-ordered 3D hierarchical Nb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(OH) superstructures with semiconductive and photoactive properties| journal= Journal of Materials Chemistry A| volume= 2| issue= 30| page= 12005| year= 2014| last1= Betzler | first1= S. B. | last2= Wisnet | first2= A. | last3= Breitbach | first3= B. | last4= Mitterbauer | first4= C. | last5= Weickert | first5= J. | last6= Schmidt-Mende | first6= L. | last7= Scheu | first7= C. |doi-access= free| url= https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/123456789/28968/1/Betzler_289681.pdf}}</ref>]]
'''自组织 Self-organization''', 在社会科学中 也被称为自发秩序,是指一种起源于初始无序系统的部分元素之间的局部相互作用、所产生出某种形式的整体秩序的过程。当有足够的能量可用时,该过程可以是自发的,不需要任何外部个体 agent进行控制。它通常是由看似随机的波动触发,并由正反馈放大。最终形成的自组织是完全分散的,分布在系统的所有组件中。因此,自组织通常是健壮的,能够生存下来或者自我修复严重的干扰。混沌理论讨论的自组织,如同无序、不可预测的大海中的确定性孤岛。
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'''自组织 Self-organization''', 在社会科学中也被称为[[自发秩序]]''Spontaneous order'' ,是指一种起源于初始无序系统的部分元素之间的局部相互作用、所产生出某种形式的整体秩序的过程。当有足够的能量可用时,该过程可以是自发的,不需要任何外部主体''agent''进行控制。它通常是由看似随机的波动触发,并由正反馈放大。最终形成的自组织是完全分散的,分布在系统的所有组件中。因此,自组织通常是健壮的,能够生存下来或者自我修复严重的干扰。
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[[混沌理论]]讨论的自组织,就如同无序、不可预测的大海中的确定性孤岛。
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自组织是在'''非均衡 Non-equilibrium '''过程的物理学和化学反应中被发现的,<ref name="G&P 1971">Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). ''Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations'', Wiley-Interscience, London.</ref>通常将其描述为'''自组装 Self-assembly '''。在生物学中,从分子到生态系统,这一概念已被证明是有效的。<ref name=":0">Compare: {{cite book| last1=Camazine| first1=Scott| title=Self-organization in Biological Systems| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMgyNN6Ufj0C| series=Princeton studies in complexity| edition=reprint| publisher=Princeton University Press| publication-date=2003| isbn=9780691116242| access-date=2016-04-05| year=2003}}</ref>在自然科学和社会科学 例如经济学或人类学 的许多其他学科的文献中也出现了自组织行为的引证。在诸如'''[[元胞自动机]] Cellular automata '''这样的数学系统中也观察到了自组织。<ref name=":1">{{cite book| last1=Ilachinski| first1=Andrew| title=Cellular Automata: A Discrete Universe| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hx2lx_pEF8C| publisher=World Scientific| publication-date=2001| page=247| isbn=9789812381835| quote=We have already seen ample evidence for what is arguably the single most impressive general property of CA, namely their capacity for self-organization| year=2001}}</ref>自组织是与'''[[涌现 Emergence]] '''概念相关的一个例子。<ref>{{cite book |author=Feltz, Bernard |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences |isbn=978-1-402-03916-4 |page=1}}</ref>
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自组织是在'''非平衡 Non-equilibrium '''过程的物理学和化学反应中被发现的,<ref name="G&P 1971">Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). ''Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations'', Wiley-Interscience, London.</ref>通常将其描述为'''自组装 Self-assembly '''。在生物学中,从分子到生态系统,这一概念已被证明是有效的。<ref name=":0">Compare: {{cite book| last1=Camazine| first1=Scott| title=Self-organization in Biological Systems| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMgyNN6Ufj0C| series=Princeton studies in complexity| edition=reprint| publisher=Princeton University Press| publication-date=2003| isbn=9780691116242| access-date=2016-04-05| year=2003}}</ref>在自然科学和社会科学,例如经济学或人类学的许多其他学科的文献中也出现了自组织行为的引证。在诸如'''[[元胞自动机]] Cellular automata '''这样的数学系统中也观察到了自组织。<ref name=":1">{{cite book| last1=Ilachinski| first1=Andrew| title=Cellular Automata: A Discrete Universe| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hx2lx_pEF8C| publisher=World Scientific| publication-date=2001| page=247| isbn=9789812381835| quote=We have already seen ample evidence for what is arguably the single most impressive general property of CA, namely their capacity for self-organization| year=2001}}</ref>自组织是与'''[[涌现 Emergence]] '''概念相关的一个例子。<ref>{{cite book |author=Feltz, Bernard |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences |isbn=978-1-402-03916-4 |page=1}}</ref>
       
自组织依赖于四个基本要素:<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bonabeau, Eric |author2=Dorigo, Marco |author3=Theraulaz, Guy |date=1999 |title=Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems |isbn=978-0-19-513159-8|publisher=OUP USA|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvTDhzqMr7cC}}</ref>
 
自组织依赖于四个基本要素:<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bonabeau, Eric |author2=Dorigo, Marco |author3=Theraulaz, Guy |date=1999 |title=Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems |isbn=978-0-19-513159-8|publisher=OUP USA|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvTDhzqMr7cC}}</ref>
#强烈的动态非线性,通常但不必然涉及正反馈和负反馈
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#很强的动态分线性特性,通常都会涉及[[正反馈]]和负反馈,虽然不是必然
 
#探索与开发的平衡
 
#探索与开发的平衡
#多重互动
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#多重交互
#能量的可用性 以克服'''熵增 Entropy '''或无序的自然趋势
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#能量的可用性(以克服'''[[熵增]] Entropy '''或无序的自然趋势)
       
==原理==
 
==原理==
控制论专家威廉·罗斯·阿什比 W. Ross Ashby 在1947年提出了'''自组织 Self-organization '''的初始原理,<ref name="ashby1947">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/00221309.1947.9918144| pmid=20270223| title=Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System| journal=The Journal of General Psychology| volume=37| issue=2| pages=125–28| year=1947| last1=Ashby | first1=W. R.}}</ref><ref>Ashby, W. R. (1962). [http://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/CS396x/Computing/Ashby.pdf "Principles of the self-organizing system"], pp. 255–78 in ''Principles of Self-Organization''. Heinz von Foerster and George W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.) U.S. Office of Naval Research.</ref>它指出任何确定性[[动力系统]]都会自动演变成一个均衡状态,这种均衡状态可以描述为一个在盆地周围环绕状态的'''[[吸引子]] Attractor '''。一旦到达那里,系统的进一步演化就被约束以保持在吸引子中。这种约束代表了其组成元素或子系统之间相互依赖或协调的某种形式。用阿什比的话来说,每个子系统都适应了所有其他子系统形成的环境。<ref name=ashby1947/>
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控制论专家威廉·罗斯·阿什比 W. Ross Ashby 在1947年提出了'''自组织 Self-organization '''的初始原理,<ref name="ashby1947">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/00221309.1947.9918144| pmid=20270223| title=Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System| journal=The Journal of General Psychology| volume=37| issue=2| pages=125–28| year=1947| last1=Ashby | first1=W. R.}}</ref><ref>Ashby, W. R. (1962). [http://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/CS396x/Computing/Ashby.pdf "Principles of the self-organizing system"], pp. 255–78 in ''Principles of Self-Organization''. Heinz von Foerster and George W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.) U.S. Office of Naval Research.</ref>它指出任何确定性[[动力系统]]都会自动演变成一个均衡状态,这种均衡状态可以描述为一个在盆地周围环绕状态的'''[[吸引子]] Attractor '''。一旦到达那里,系统的进一步演化就被约束以保持在吸引子中。这种约束代表了其组成元素或子系统之间相互依赖或协调的某种形式。用Ashby的话来说,每个子系统都适应了所有其他子系统形成的环境。<ref name=ashby1947/>
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控制论专家海因茨·冯·福斯特 Heinz von Foerster 于1960年提出了“ 从噪声中获得秩序 Order from noise ” 的原理。<ref>Von Foerster, H. (1960). [http://e1020.pbworks.com/f/fulltext.pdf "On self-organizing systems and their environments"], pp. 31–50 in ''Self-organizing systems''. M.C. Yovits and S. Cameron (eds.), Pergamon Press, London</ref> 该原理指出,自组织是由随机扰动 “噪声” 促进的,该随机扰动使系统在其状态空间中探索各种状态。这增加了系统到达“强”或“深”吸引子池中的机会,然后系统会迅速进入吸引子本身。生物物理学家亨利·阿特兰 Henri Atlan 通过提出“ 噪声带来的复杂性 Complexity from noise,法语 le principe de complexité par le bruit ” 原理发展了这一概念,<ref>See [https://www.google.com/search?&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Henri+Atlan%22%22complexity+from+noise%22 occurrences] on Google Books.</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=François |editor-first=Charles |editor-link= |title=International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics |year=2011 |origyear=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SZxnQgAACAAJ 1997] |edition=2nd |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |page=[https://books.google.com/?id=XCn2mn98uEAC&pg=PA107&dq=%22complexity+from+noise+principle%22+Atlan+1972 107] |isbn=978-3-1109-6801-9 |title-link= }}</ref> 该原理首见于1972年出版的《L'organisation biologique et lathéoriede l'information》,<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22complexité+par+le+bruit%22%22L'Organisation+biologique+et+la+théorie+de+l'information%22+1972].</ref> 然后是1979年出版的《Entre le cristal et lafumée》。<ref>Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977). ''Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations''. Wiley, New York.</ref> 热力学家伊利亚·普里戈吉因 Ilya Prigogine 提出了类似的原则,即“波动带来有序 Order through fluctuations ”<ref>Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977). ''Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations''. Wiley, New York.</ref> 或“混乱带来有序 Order out of chaos ”<ref>Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984). ''Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature''. Bantam Books.</ref>。它也应用在用于解决问题和机器学习的模拟退火方法中。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Furqan |title=Simulated annealing variants for self-organized resource allocation in small cell networks |journal=Applied Soft Computing |last2=Tirkkonen |first2=Olav |date=January 2016 |volume=38|pages=762–70 |doi=10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.028 }}</ref>
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[[控制论]]专家海因茨·冯·福斯特 Heinz von Foerster 于1960年提出了“ 从噪声中获得有序 Order from noise ” 的原理。<ref>Von Foerster, H. (1960). [http://e1020.pbworks.com/f/fulltext.pdf "On self-organizing systems and their environments"], pp. 31–50 in ''Self-organizing systems''. M.C. Yovits and S. Cameron (eds.), Pergamon Press, London</ref> 该原理指出,自组织是由随机扰动 “噪声” 促进的,该随机扰动使系统在其状态空间中探索各种状态。这增加了系统到达“强”或“深”吸引子池中的机会,然后系统会迅速进入吸引子本身。生物物理学家亨利·阿特兰 Henri Atlan 通过提出“ 噪声带来的复杂性 Complexity from noise,法语 le principe de complexité par le bruit ” 原理发展了这一概念,<ref>See [https://www.google.com/search?&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Henri+Atlan%22%22complexity+from+noise%22 occurrences] on Google Books.</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=François |editor-first=Charles |editor-link= |title=International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics |year=2011 |origyear=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SZxnQgAACAAJ 1997] |edition=2nd |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |page=[https://books.google.com/?id=XCn2mn98uEAC&pg=PA107&dq=%22complexity+from+noise+principle%22+Atlan+1972 107] |isbn=978-3-1109-6801-9 |title-link= }}</ref> 该原理首见于1972年出版的《L'organisation biologique et lathéoriede l'information》,<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22complexité+par+le+bruit%22%22L'Organisation+biologique+et+la+théorie+de+l'information%22+1972].</ref> 然后是1979年出版的《Entre le cristal et lafumée》。<ref>Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977). ''Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations''. Wiley, New York.</ref> 热力学家伊利亚·[[普利高津]] Ilya Prigogine 提出了类似的原则,即“波动带来有序 Order through fluctuations ”<ref>Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977). ''Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations''. Wiley, New York.</ref> 或“混乱带来有序 Order out of chaos ”<ref>Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984). ''Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature''. Bantam Books.</ref>。它也应用在用于解决问题和机器学习的[[模拟退火]]方法中。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Furqan |title=Simulated annealing variants for self-organized resource allocation in small cell networks |journal=Applied Soft Computing |last2=Tirkkonen |first2=Olav |date=January 2016 |volume=38|pages=762–70 |doi=10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.028 }}</ref>
    
==历史演变==
 
==历史演变==

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