更改

“通用智能”测试旨在比较机器、人类甚至非人类动物在尽可能通用的问题集上的表现。在极端情况下，测试集可以包含所有可能出现的问题，再通过柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度赋予权重；可是这些问题集里大多数问题都是不怎么难的模式匹配练习，在这些练习中，优化过的AI可以轻易地超过人类。<ref name="Mathematical definitions of intelligence"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hernández-Orallo|first1=José|last2=Dowe|first2=David L.|last3=Hernández-Lloreda|first3=M.Victoria|title=Universal psychometrics: Measuring cognitive abilities in the machine kingdom|journal=Cognitive Systems Research|date=March 2014|volume=27|pages=50–74|doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2013.06.001|hdl=10251/50244|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

“通用智能”测试旨在比较机器、人类甚至非人类动物在尽可能通用的问题集上的表现。在极端情况下，测试集可以包含所有可能出现的问题，再通过柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度赋予权重；可是这些问题集里大多数问题都是不怎么难的模式匹配练习，在这些练习中，优化过的AI可以轻易地超过人类。<ref name="Mathematical definitions of intelligence"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hernández-Orallo|first1=José|last2=Dowe|first2=David L.|last3=Hernández-Lloreda|first3=M.Victoria|title=Universal psychometrics: Measuring cognitive abilities in the machine kingdom|journal=Cognitive Systems Research|date=March 2014|volume=27|pages=50–74|doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2013.06.001|hdl=10251/50244|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== 应用 Applications{{anchor|Goals}} ==

== 应用 ==

 

[[File:Automated online assistant.png|thumb|An [[automated online assistant]] providing customer service on a web page – one of many very primitive applications of artificial intelligence]AI的初级应用之一：提供客户服务的网页自动化助理] ]

[[File:Automated online assistant.png|thumb|An [[automated online assistant]] providing customer service on a web page – one of many very primitive applications of artificial intelligence]AI的初级应用之一：提供客户服务的网页自动化助理] ]

An [[automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page – one of many very primitive applications of artificial intelligence]]

An [[automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page – one of many very primitive applications of artificial intelligence]]

{{Main|Applications of artificial intelligence}}

{{Main|Applications of artificial intelligence}}

AI is relevant to any intellectual task. Modern artificial intelligence techniques are pervasive and are too numerous to list here. Frequently, when a technique reaches mainstream use, it is no longer considered artificial intelligence; this phenomenon is described as the AI effect.

AI is relevant to any intellectual task. Modern artificial intelligence techniques are pervasive and are too numerous to list here. Frequently, when a technique reaches mainstream use, it is no longer considered artificial intelligence; this phenomenon is described as the AI effect.

AI与任何智力任务都息息相关。现代AI技术无处不在，数量众多，无法在此列举。通常，当一种技术变成主流应用时，它就不再被认为是AI; 这种现象被称为AI效应。

AI与任何智力任务都息息相关{{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2009|p=1}}。现代AI技术无处不在<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf|title=White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust|publisher=European Commission|year=2020|isbn=|location=Brussels|pages=1}}</ref> ，数量众多，无法在此列举。通常，当一种技术变成主流应用时，它就不再被认为是AI; 这种现象被称为AI效应。{{sfn|''CNN''|2006}}

High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars), medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry), proving mathematical theorems, playing games (such as Chess or Go), search engines (such as Google search), online assistants (such as Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam filtering, predicting flight delays, prediction of judicial decisions, targeting online advertisements,  and energy storage

High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars), medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry), proving mathematical theorems, playing games (such as Chess or Go), search engines (such as Google search), online assistants (such as Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam filtering, predicting flight delays, prediction of judicial decisions, targeting online advertisements,  and energy storage

大众常见的AI包括自动驾驶(如无人机和自动驾驶汽车)、医疗诊断、艺术创作(如诗歌)、证明数学定理、玩游戏(如国际象棋或围棋)、搜索引擎(如谷歌搜索)、在线助手(如 Siri)、图像识别、垃圾邮件过滤、航班延误预测、司法判决预测、投放在线广告和能源储存。

大众常见的AI包括自动驾驶(如无人机和自动驾驶汽车)、医疗诊断、艺术创作(如诗歌)、证明数学定理、玩游戏(如国际象棋或围棋)、搜索引擎(如谷歌搜索)、在线助手(如 Siri)、图像识别、垃圾邮件过滤、航班延误预测<ref>[https://ishti.org/2018/11/19/using-artificial-intelligence-to-predict-flight-delays/ Using AI to predict flight delays], Ishti.org.</ref> 、司法判决预测<ref name="ecthr2016">{{cite journal |author1=N. Aletras |author2=D. Tsarapatsanis |author3=D. Preotiuc-Pietro |author4=V. Lampos |title=Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: a Natural Language Processing perspective |journal=PeerJ Computer Science |volume=2 |pages=e93 |year=2016 |df=dmy-all |doi=10.7717/peerj-cs.93 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 、投放在线广告{{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2009|p=1}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The Economist Explains: Why firms are piling into artificial intelligence|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/04/economist-explains|accessdate=19 May 2016|work=[[The Economist]]|date=31 March 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508010311/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/04/economist-explains|archivedate=8 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/29/technology/the-promise-of-artificial-intelligence-unfolds-in-small-steps.html|title=The Promise of Artificial Intelligence Unfolds in Small Steps|last=Lohr|first=Steve|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 February 2016|accessdate=29 February 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229171843/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/29/technology/the-promise-of-artificial-intelligence-unfolds-in-small-steps.html|archivedate=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>和能源储存<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/14/the-business-using-ai-to-change-how-we-think-about-energy-storage.html|title=A Californian business is using A.I. to change the way we think about energy storage|last=Frangoul|first=Anmar|date=2019-06-14|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>。

With social media sites overtaking TV as a source for news for young people and news organizations increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating distribution, major publishers now use artificial intelligence (AI) technology to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic.

With social media sites overtaking TV as a source for news for young people and news organizations increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating distribution, major publishers now use artificial intelligence (AI) technology to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic.

AI can also produce Deepfakes, a content-altering technology. ZDNet reports, "It presents something that did not actually occur," Though 88% of Americans believe Deepfakes can cause more harm than good, only 47% of them believe they can be targeted. The boom of election year also opens public discourse to threats of videos of falsified politician media.

AI can also produce Deepfakes, a content-altering technology. ZDNet reports, "It presents something that did not actually occur," Though 88% of Americans believe Deepfakes can cause more harm than good, only 47% of them believe they can be targeted. The boom of election year also opens public discourse to threats of videos of falsified politician media.

AI还可以用来换脸 ，这是一种改变内容的技术。至顶网报道说，“它展示出一些并没有真正发生的事情。”尽管88% 的美国人认为换脸弊大于利，但只有47%的人认为自己会成为换脸对象。选举年的盛况也让公众开始讨论起虚假政治视频的害处。

AI还可以用来生成“深度虚假（DeepFake）”，这是一种内容改变技术。至顶网报道说，“它展示出一些并没有真正发生的事情。”尽管88% 的美国人认为换脸弊大于利，但只有47%的人认为自己会成为换脸对象。选举年的盛况也让公众开始讨论起虚假政治视频的害处<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/half-of-americans-do-not-believe-deepfake-news-could-target-them-online/|title=Half of Americans do not believe deepfake news could target them online|last=Brown|first=Eileen|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>。

 

 

 

 

===医疗 Healthcare ===

 

 

{{Main|Artificial intelligence in healthcare}}

{{Main|Artificial intelligence in healthcare}}

[[File:Laproscopic Surgery Robot.jpg|thumb| A patient-side surgical arm of [[Da Vinci Surgical System]]]]AI in healthcare is often used for classification, whether to automate initial evaluation of a CT scan or EKG or to identify high-risk patients for population health. The breadth of applications is rapidly increasing.在医疗保健中， AI通常被用于分类，它既可以自动对 CT 扫描或心电图EKG进行初步评估，又可以在人口健康调查中识别高风险患者。AI的应用范围正在迅速扩大。

在医疗保健中，AI通常被用于分类，它既可以自动对 CT 扫描或心电图EKG进行初步评估，又可以在人口健康调查中识别高风险患者。AI的应用范围正在迅速扩大。

 

 

 

[[File:X-ray of a hand with automatic bone age calculation.jpg|thumb|[[Projectional radiography|X-ray]] of a hand, with automatic calculation of [[bone age]] by computer software，一只手的X光射线图，自动计算了骨龄]]

As an example, AI is being applied to the high-cost problem of dosage issues—where findings suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a groundbreaking study in California found that a mathematical formula developed with the help of AI correctly determined the accurate dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to organ patients.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2018/05/10-promising-ai-applications-in-health-care|title=10 Promising AI Applications in Health Care|date=2018-05-10|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215015645/https://hbr.org/2018/05/10-promising-ai-applications-in-health-care|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:X-ray of a hand with automatic bone age calculation.jpg|thumb|[[Projectional radiography|X-ray]] of a hand, with automatic calculation of [[bone age]] by computer software，一只手的X光射线图，自动计算了骨龄]]

As an example, AI is being applied to the high-cost problem of dosage issues—where findings suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a groundbreaking study in California found that a mathematical formula developed with the help of AI correctly determined the accurate dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to organ patients. X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by computer software]]

As an example, AI is being applied to the high-cost problem of dosage issues—where findings suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a groundbreaking study in California found that a mathematical formula developed with the help of AI correctly determined the accurate dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to organ patients. X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by computer software]]

  --[[用户:Thingamabob|Thingamabob]]（[[用户讨论:Thingamabob|讨论]]） 例如研究结果表明，AI在高成本的剂量问题上可以节省160亿美元。 为省译

  --[[用户:Thingamabob|Thingamabob]]（[[用户讨论:Thingamabob|讨论]]） 例如研究结果表明，AI在高成本的剂量问题上可以节省160亿美元。 为省译

Artificial intelligence is assisting doctors. According to Bloomberg Technology, Microsoft has developed AI to help doctors find the right treatments for cancer. There is a great amount of research and drugs developed relating to cancer. In detail, there are more than 800 medicines and vaccines to treat cancer. This negatively affects the doctors, because there are too many options to choose from, making it more difficult to choose the right drugs for the patients. Microsoft is working on a project to develop a machine called "Hanover". Its goal is to memorize all the papers necessary to cancer and help predict which combinations of drugs will be most effective for each patient. One project that is being worked on at the moment is fighting myeloid leukemia, a fatal cancer where the treatment has not improved in decades. Another study was reported to have found that artificial intelligence was as good as trained doctors in identifying skin cancers. Another study is using artificial intelligence to try to monitor multiple high-risk patients, and this is done by asking each patient numerous questions based on data acquired from live doctor to patient interactions. One study was done with transfer learning, the machine performed a diagnosis similarly to a well-trained ophthalmologist, and could generate a decision within 30 seconds on whether or not the patient should be referred for treatment, with more than 95% accuracy.

Artificial intelligence is assisting doctors. According to Bloomberg Technology, Microsoft has developed AI to help doctors find the right treatments for cancer. There is a great amount of research and drugs developed relating to cancer. In detail, there are more than 800 medicines and vaccines to treat cancer. This negatively affects the doctors, because there are too many options to choose from, making it more difficult to choose the right drugs for the patients. Microsoft is working on a project to develop a machine called "Hanover". Its goal is to memorize all the papers necessary to cancer and help predict which combinations of drugs will be most effective for each patient. One project that is being worked on at the moment is fighting myeloid leukemia, a fatal cancer where the treatment has not improved in decades. Another study was reported to have found that artificial intelligence was as good as trained doctors in identifying skin cancers. Another study is using artificial intelligence to try to monitor multiple high-risk patients, and this is done by asking each patient numerous questions based on data acquired from live doctor to patient interactions. One study was done with transfer learning, the machine performed a diagnosis similarly to a well-trained ophthalmologist, and could generate a decision within 30 seconds on whether or not the patient should be referred for treatment, with more than 95% accuracy.

AI还能协助医生。据彭博科技报道，微软已经开发出帮助医生找到正确的癌症治疗方法的AI。如今有大量的研究和药物开发与癌症有关，准确来说有800多种可以治疗癌症的药物和疫苗。这对医生来说并不是一件好事，因为选项太多，使得为病人选择合适的药物变得更难。微软正在开发一种名为“汉诺威”的机器。它的目标是记住所有与癌症有关的论文，并帮助预测哪些药物的组合对病人最有效。目前正在进行的一个项目是抗击髓系白血病，这是一种致命的癌症，几十年来治疗水平一直没有提高。据报道，另一项研究发现，AI在识别皮肤癌方面与训练有素的医生一样优秀。另一项研究是使用AI通过询问每个高风险患者多个问题监测他们，这些问题是基于从医生与患者的互动中获得的数据产生的。其中一项研究是通过转移学习完成的，机器进行的诊断类似于训练有素的眼科医生，可以在30秒内做出是否应该转诊治疗的决定，准确率超过95% 。

AI还能协助医生。据彭博科技报道，微软已经开发出帮助医生找到正确的癌症治疗方法的AI<ref>{{cite news | author=Dina Bass | title=Microsoft Develops AI to Help Cancer Doctors Find the Right Treatments | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-20/microsoft-develops-ai-to-help-cancer-doctors-find-the-right-treatments | date=20 September 2016 | publisher=Bloomberg | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103625/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-20/microsoft-develops-ai-to-help-cancer-doctors-find-the-right-treatments | archivedate=11 May 2017 | df=dmy-all | newspaper=Bloomberg.com }}</ref>。如今有大量的研究和药物开发与癌症有关，准确来说有800多种可以治疗癌症的药物和疫苗。这对医生来说并不是一件好事，因为选项太多，使得为病人选择合适的药物变得更难。微软正在开发一种名为“汉诺威”的机器。它的目标是记住所有与癌症有关的论文，并帮助预测哪些药物的组合对病人最有效。目前正在进行的一个项目是抗击髓系白血病，这是一种致命的癌症，几十年来治疗水平一直没有提高。据报道，另一项研究发现，AI在识别皮肤癌方面与训练有素的医生一样优秀<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-38717928|title=Artificial intelligence 'as good as cancer doctors'|last=Gallagher|first=James|date=26 January 2017|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=26 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126133849/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-38717928|archivedate=26 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>。另一项研究是使用AI通过询问每个高风险患者多个问题来监测他们，这些问题是基于从医生与患者的互动中获得的数据产生的<ref>{{Citation|title=Remote monitoring of high-risk patients using artificial intelligence|date=18 Oct 1994|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5357427|editor-last=Langen|editor2-last=Katz|editor3-last=Dempsey|editor-first=Pauline A.|editor2-first=Jeffrey S.|editor3-first=Gayle|issue=US5357427 A|accessdate=27 February 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228090520/https://www.google.com/patents/US5357427|archivedate=28 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>。其中一项研究是通过转移学习完成的，机器进行的诊断类似于训练有素的眼科医生，可以在30秒内做出是否应该转诊治疗的决定，准确率超过95% <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cell.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Fcell%2Fpdf%2FS0092-8674%2818%2930154-5.pdf|title=Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning|last=Kermany|first=D|last2=Goldbaum|first2=M|journal=Cell|access-date=2018-12-18|last3=Zhang|first3=Kang|volume=172|issue=5|pages=1122–1131.e9|pmid=29474911|year=2018|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.010}}</ref>。

According to CNN, a recent study by surgeons at the Children's National Medical Center in Washington successfully demonstrated surgery with an autonomous robot. The team supervised the robot while it performed soft-tissue surgery, stitching together a pig's bowel during open surgery, and doing so better than a human surgeon, the team claimed. IBM has created its own artificial intelligence computer, the IBM Watson, which has beaten human intelligence (at some levels). Watson has struggled to achieve success and adoption in healthcare.

According to CNN, a recent study by surgeons at the Children's National Medical Center in Washington successfully demonstrated surgery with an autonomous robot. The team supervised the robot while it performed soft-tissue surgery, stitching together a pig's bowel during open surgery, and doing so better than a human surgeon, the team claimed. IBM has created its own artificial intelligence computer, the IBM Watson, which has beaten human intelligence (at some levels). Watson has struggled to achieve success and adoption in healthcare.

据 CNN 报道，华盛顿国家儿童医疗中心的外科医生最近的一项研究成功演示了一台自主机器人手术。研究组观看了机器人做软组织手术、在开放手术中缝合猪肠的整个过程，并认为比人类外科医生做得更好。IBM已经创造了自己的AI计算机——IBM 沃森，它在某种程度上已经超越了人类智能。沃森一直在努力实现医疗保健领域的应用。

据 CNN 报道，华盛顿国家儿童医疗中心的外科医生最近的一项研究成功演示了一台自主机器人手术。研究组观看了机器人做软组织手术、在开放手术中缝合猪肠的整个过程，并认为比人类外科医生做得更好<ref>{{cite news|author=Senthilingam, Meera|title=Are Autonomous Robots Your next Surgeons?|work=CNN|publisher=Cable News Network|date=12 May 2016|accessdate=4 December 2016|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/robot-surgeon-bowel-operation/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203154119/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/robot-surgeon-bowel-operation|archivedate=3 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 。IBM已经创造了自己的AI计算机——IBM 沃森，它在某种程度上已经超越了人类智能。沃森一直在努力实现医疗保健领域的应用<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/diagnostics/how-ibm-watson-overpromised-and-underdelivered-on-ai-health-care|title=Full Page Reload|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>。

 

 

 

{{Main|driverless cars}}

{{Main|driverless cars}}

Advancements in AI have contributed to the growth of the automotive industry through the creation and evolution of self-driving vehicles. , there are over 30 companies utilizing AI into the creation of self-driving cars. A few companies involved with AI include Tesla, Google, and Apple.

Advancements in AI have contributed to the growth of the automotive industry through the creation and evolution of self-driving vehicles. , there are over 30 companies utilizing AI into the creation of self-driving cars. A few companies involved with AI include Tesla, Google, and Apple.

在AI领域自动驾驶汽车的创造和发展促进了汽车行业的发展。目前有超过30家公司利用AI开发自动驾驶汽车，包括特斯拉、谷歌和苹果等 。

在AI领域，自动驾驶汽车的创造和发展促进了汽车行业的增长。目前有超过30家公司利用AI开发自动驾驶汽车，包括特斯拉、谷歌和苹果等<ref>"33 Corporations Working On Autonomous Vehicles". CB Insights. N.p., 11 August 2016. 12 November 2016.</ref>。

Many components contribute to the functioning of self-driving cars. These vehicles incorporate systems such as braking, lane changing, collision prevention, navigation and mapping. Together, these systems, as well as high-performance computers, are integrated into one complex vehicle.

Many components contribute to the functioning of self-driving cars. These vehicles incorporate systems such as braking, lane changing, collision prevention, navigation and mapping. Together, these systems, as well as high-performance computers, are integrated into one complex vehicle.

Recent developments in autonomous automobiles have made the innovation of self-driving trucks possible, though they are still in the testing phase. The UK government has passed legislation to begin testing of self-driving truck platoons in 2018. Self-driving truck platoons are a fleet of self-driving trucks following the lead of one non-self-driving truck, so the truck platoons aren't entirely autonomous yet. Meanwhile, the Daimler, a German automobile corporation, is testing the Freightliner Inspiration which is a semi-autonomous truck that will only be used on the highway.

Recent developments in autonomous automobiles have made the innovation of self-driving trucks possible, though they are still in the testing phase. The UK government has passed legislation to begin testing of self-driving truck platoons in 2018. Self-driving truck platoons are a fleet of self-driving trucks following the lead of one non-self-driving truck, so the truck platoons aren't entirely autonomous yet. Meanwhile, the Daimler, a German automobile corporation, is testing the Freightliner Inspiration which is a semi-autonomous truck that will only be used on the highway.

 

 

One main factor that influences the ability for a driver-less automobile to function is mapping. In general, the vehicle would be pre-programmed with a map of the area being driven. This map would include data on the approximations of street light and curb heights in order for the vehicle to be aware of its surroundings. However, Google has been working on an algorithm with the purpose of eliminating the need for pre-programmed maps and instead, creating a device that would be able to adjust to a variety of new surroundings. Some self-driving cars are not equipped with steering wheels or brake pedals, so there has also been research focused on creating an algorithm that is capable of maintaining a safe environment for the passengers in the vehicle through awareness of speed and driving conditions.

One main factor that influences the ability for a driver-less automobile to function is mapping. In general, the vehicle would be pre-programmed with a map of the area being driven. This map would include data on the approximations of street light and curb heights in order for the vehicle to be aware of its surroundings. However, Google has been working on an algorithm with the purpose of eliminating the need for pre-programmed maps and instead, creating a device that would be able to adjust to a variety of new surroundings. Some self-driving cars are not equipped with steering wheels or brake pedals, so there has also been research focused on creating an algorithm that is capable of maintaining a safe environment for the passengers in the vehicle through awareness of speed and driving conditions.

 

 

 

 

 

Another factor that is influencing the ability of a driver-less automobile is the safety of the passenger. To make a driver-less automobile, engineers must program it to handle high-risk situations. These situations could include a head-on collision with pedestrians. The car's main goal should be to make a decision that would avoid hitting the pedestrians and saving the passengers in the car. But there is a possibility the car would need to make a decision that would put someone in danger. In other words, the car would need to decide to save the pedestrians or the passengers. The programming of the car in these situations is crucial to a successful driver-less automobile.

Another factor that is influencing the ability of a driver-less automobile is the safety of the passenger. To make a driver-less automobile, engineers must program it to handle high-risk situations. These situations could include a head-on collision with pedestrians. The car's main goal should be to make a decision that would avoid hitting the pedestrians and saving the passengers in the car. But there is a possibility the car would need to make a decision that would put someone in danger. In other words, the car would need to decide to save the pedestrians or the passengers. The programming of the car in these situations is crucial to a successful driver-less automobile.

衡量无人驾驶汽车能力的另一个因素是乘客的安全。工程师们必须对无人驾驶汽车进行编程，使其能够处理比如与行人正面相撞等高风险情况。这辆车的主要目标应该是做出一个避免撞到行人，保护车内的乘客的决定。但是有时汽车也可能也会不得不决定将某人置于危险之中。也就是说，汽车需要决定是拯救行人还是乘客<ref>ArXiv, E. T. (26 October 2015). Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill. Retrieved 17 November 2017, from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542626/why-self-driving-cars-must-be-programmed-to-kill/{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。汽车在这些情况下的编程对于一辆成功的无人驾驶汽车是至关重要的。

 

 

 

===金融和经济 Finance and economics ===

Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. The use of AI in banking can be traced back to 1987 when Security Pacific National Bank in US set-up a Fraud Prevention Task force to counter the unauthorized use of debit cards. Programs like Kasisto and Moneystream are using AI in financial services.

Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. The use of AI in banking can be traced back to 1987 when Security Pacific National Bank in US set-up a Fraud Prevention Task force to counter the unauthorized use of debit cards. Programs like Kasisto and Moneystream are using AI in financial services.

长期以来，金融机构一直使用人工神经网络系统来检测超出常规的费用或索赔，并将其标记起来等待人工调查。AI在银行业的应用可以追溯到1987年，当时美国国家安全太平洋银行成立了一个防防诈特别小组，以打击未经授权使用借记卡的行为。金融服务领域的如Kasisto 和 Moneystream等程序正在使用AI技术。

长期以来，金融机构一直使用人工神经网络系统来检测超出常规的费用或申诉，并将其标记起来等待人工调查。AI在银行业的应用可以追溯到1987年，当时美国国家安全太平洋银行成立了一个防防诈特别小组，以打击未经授权使用借记卡的行为<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-17-fi-233-story.html|title=Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Banking|last=Christy|first=Charles A.|website=latimes.com|access-date=2019-09-10|date=17 January 1990}}</ref>。Kasisto 和 Moneystream等程序正在把AI技术使用到金融服务领域。

Banks use artificial intelligence systems today to organize operations, maintain book-keeping, invest in stocks, and manage properties. AI can react to changes overnight or when business is not taking place. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition. AI has also reduced fraud and financial crimes by monitoring behavioral patterns of users for any abnormal changes or anomalies.

Banks use artificial intelligence systems today to organize operations, maintain book-keeping, invest in stocks, and manage properties. AI can react to changes overnight or when business is not taking place. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition. AI has also reduced fraud and financial crimes by monitoring behavioral patterns of users for any abnormal changes or anomalies.

AI is increasingly being used by corporations. Jack Ma has controversially predicted that AI CEO's are 30 years away.

AI is increasingly being used by corporations. Jack Ma has controversially predicted that AI CEO's are 30 years away.

The use of AI machines in the market in applications such as online trading and decision making has changed major economic theories. For example, AI-based buying and selling platforms have changed the law of supply and demand in that it is now possible to easily estimate individualized demand and supply curves and thus individualized pricing. Furthermore, AI machines reduce information asymmetry in the market and thus making markets more efficient while reducing the volume of trades. Furthermore, AI in the markets limits the consequences of behavior in the markets again making markets more efficient. Other theories where AI has had impact include in rational choice, rational expectations, game theory, Lewis turning point, portfolio optimization and counterfactual thinking.. In August 2019, the AICPA introduced AI training course for accounting professionals.

The use of AI machines in the market in applications such as online trading and decision making has changed major economic theories. For example, AI-based buying and selling platforms have changed the law of supply and demand in that it is now possible to easily estimate individualized demand and supply curves and thus individualized pricing. Furthermore, AI machines reduce information asymmetry in the market and thus making markets more efficient while reducing the volume of trades. Furthermore, AI in the markets limits the consequences of behavior in the markets again making markets more efficient. Other theories where AI has had impact include in rational choice, rational expectations, game theory, Lewis turning point, portfolio optimization and counterfactual thinking.. In August 2019, the AICPA introduced AI training course for accounting professionals.

AI机器在市场上如在线交易和决策的应用改变了主流经济理论。例如，基于AI的买卖平台改变了供求规律，因为现在可以通过AI很容易地估计个性化需求和供给曲线，从而实现个性化的定价。此外，AI减少了交易的信息不对称，在使市场更有效率的同时也减少了交易量。此外，AI限定了市场行为的后果，再次提高了交易效率。AI影响的其他理论包括理性选择、理性预期、博弈论、刘易斯转折点、投资组合优化和反事实思维。2019年8月，AICPA 为会计专业人员开设了 AI 培训课程。

AI机器在市场上如在线交易和决策的应用改变了主流经济理论<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marwala |first1= Tshilidzi| last2=Hurwitz |first2= Evan |title=Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory: Skynet in the Market |year=2017 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=London |isbn=978-3-319-66104-9}}</ref>。例如，基于AI的买卖平台改变了供求规律，因为现在可以通过AI很容易地估计个性化需求和供给曲线，从而实现个性化的定价。此外，AI减少了交易的信息不对称，在使市场更有效率的同时也减少了交易量。此外，AI限定了市场行为的后果，进一步提高了交易效率。受AI影响的其他理论包括理性选择、理性预期、博弈论、刘易斯转折点、投资组合优化和反事实思维。2019年8月，AICPA 为会计专业人员开设了 AI 培训课程<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mileseducation.com/finance/artificial_intelligence|title=Miles Education {{!}} Future Of Finance {{!}} Blockchain Fundamentals for F&A Professionals Certificate|website=www.mileseducation.com|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926102133/https://www.mileseducation.com/finance/artificial_intelligence|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>。

 

 

 

===网络安全 Cybersecurity ===

 

 

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2020}}

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2020}}

The cybersecurity arena faces significant challenges in the form of large-scale hacking attacks of different types that harm organizations of all kinds and create billions of dollars in business damage. Artificial intelligence and Natural Language Processing (NLP) has begun to be used by security companies - for example, SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) solutions.  The more advanced of these solutions use AI and NLP to automatically sort the data in networks into high risk and low-risk information.  This enables security teams to focus on the attacks that have the potential to do real harm to the organization, and not become victims of attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS), Malware and others.

The cybersecurity arena faces significant challenges in the form of large-scale hacking attacks of different types that harm organizations of all kinds and create billions of dollars in business damage. Artificial intelligence and Natural Language Processing (NLP) has begun to be used by security companies - for example, SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) solutions.  The more advanced of these solutions use AI and NLP to automatically sort the data in networks into high risk and low-risk information.  This enables security teams to focus on the attacks that have the potential to do real harm to the organization, and not become victims of attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS), Malware and others.

网络安全领域面临着各种大规模黑客攻击的重大挑战，这些攻击损害到了很多组织，造成了数十亿美元的商业损失。网络安全公司已经开始使用AI和自然语言处理(NLP) ，例如，SIEM (Security Information and Event Management,安全信息和事件管理)解决方案。更高级的解决方案使用AI和自然语言处理将网络中的数据划分为高风险和低风险两类信息。这使得安全团队能够专注于对付那些有可能对组织造成真正伤害的攻击，不沦为分布式拒绝服务攻击、恶意软件和其他攻击的受害者。

网络安全领域面临着各种大规模黑客攻击的重大挑战，这些攻击损害到了很多组织，造成了数十亿美元的商业损失。网络安全公司已经开始使用AI和自然语言处理(NLP) ，例如，SIEM (Security Information and Event Management,安全信息和事件管理)解决方案。更高级的解决方案使用AI和自然语言处理将网络中的数据划分为高风险和低风险两类信息。这使得安全团队能够专注于对付那些有可能对组织造成真正伤害的攻击，不沦为分布式拒绝服务攻击（DoS）、恶意软件和其他攻击的受害者。

 

 

 

{{Main|Artificial intelligence in government}}

{{Main|Artificial intelligence in government}}

Artificial intelligence in government consists of applications and regulation. Artificial intelligence paired with facial recognition systems may be used for mass surveillance. This is already the case in some parts of China. An artificial intelligence has also competed in the Tama City mayoral elections in 2018.

Artificial intelligence in government consists of applications and regulation. Artificial intelligence paired with facial recognition systems may be used for mass surveillance. This is already the case in some parts of China. An artificial intelligence has also competed in the Tama City mayoral elections in 2018.

 

 

 

In 2019, the tech city of Bengaluru in India is set to deploy AI managed traffic signal systems across the 387 traffic signals in the city. This system will involve use of cameras to ascertain traffic density and accordingly calculate the time needed to clear the traffic volume which will determine the signal duration for vehicular traffic across streets.

In 2019, the tech city of Bengaluru in India is set to deploy AI managed traffic signal systems across the 387 traffic signals in the city. This system will involve use of cameras to ascertain traffic density and accordingly calculate the time needed to clear the traffic volume which will determine the signal duration for vehicular traffic across streets.

2019年，印度硅谷班加罗尔将在该市的387个交通信号灯上部署AI控制的交通信号系统。这个系统将使用摄像头来确定交通密度，并据此计算清除交通量所需的时间，决定街道上的车辆交通灯的持续时间<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nextbigwhat.com/ai-traffic-signals-to-be-installed-in-bengaluru-soon/|title=AI traffic signals to be installed in Bengaluru soon|date=2019-09-24|website=NextBigWhat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>。

 

 

 

===与法律有关的专业 Law-related professions ===

 

 

{{Main|Legal informatics#Artificial intelligence}}

{{Main|Legal informatics#Artificial intelligence}}

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a mainstay component of law-related professions. In some circumstances, this analytics-crunching technology is using algorithms and machine learning to do work that was previously done by entry-level lawyers.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a mainstay component of law-related professions. In some circumstances, this analytics-crunching technology is using algorithms and machine learning to do work that was previously done by entry-level lawyers.

In Electronic Discovery (eDiscovery), the industry has been focused on machine learning (predictive coding/technology assisted review), which is a subset of AI. To add to the soup of applications, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) are also in vogue in the industry.

In Electronic Discovery (eDiscovery), the industry has been focused on machine learning (predictive coding/technology assisted review), which is a subset of AI. To add to the soup of applications, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) are also in vogue in the industry.

电子资料档案查询(eDiscovery)产业一直侧重机器学习(预测编码 / 技术辅助评审) ，这是AI的一个子领域。自然语言处理(NLP)和自动语音识别(ASR)也正在这个行业流行起来。

电子资料档案查询(eDiscovery)产业一直很关注机器学习(预测编码 / 技术辅助评审) ，这是AI的一个子领域。自然语言处理(NLP)和自动语音识别(ASR)也正在这个行业流行起来。

 

 

 

 

 

 

{{Main|Artificial intelligence (video games)}}

{{Main|Artificial intelligence (video games)}}

In video games, artificial intelligence is routinely used to generate dynamic purposeful behavior in non-player characters (NPCs). In addition, well-understood AI techniques are routinely used for pathfinding. Some researchers consider NPC AI in games to be a "solved problem" for most production tasks. Games with more atypical AI include the AI director of Left 4 Dead (2008) and the neuroevolutionary training of platoons in Supreme Commander 2 (2010).

In video games, artificial intelligence is routinely used to generate dynamic purposeful behavior in non-player characters (NPCs). In addition, well-understood AI techniques are routinely used for pathfinding. Some researchers consider NPC AI in games to be a "solved problem" for most production tasks. Games with more atypical AI include the AI director of Left 4 Dead (2008) and the neuroevolutionary training of platoons in Supreme Commander 2 (2010).

在视频游戏中，AI通常被用来让非玩家角色( non-player characters，NPCs)中做出动态的目的性行为。此外，还常用简单的AI技术寻路。一些研究人员认为，对于大多数生产任务来说，游戏中的 NPC AI 是一个“解决了的问题”。含更多非典型 AI 的游戏有《求生之路》（Left 4 Dead,2008)中的 AI 导演和《最高指挥官2》(Supreme Commander 2,2010)中的 '''<font color=#32cd32>对排神经进化训练</font>'''。

在视频游戏中，AI通常被用来让非玩家角色( non-player characters，NPCs)中做出动态的目的性行为。此外，还常用简单的AI技术寻路。一些研究人员认为，对于大多数生产任务来说，游戏中的 NPC AI 是一个“已解决问题”。含更多非典型 AI 的游戏有《求生之路》（Left 4 Dead, 2008)中的 AI 导演和《最高指挥官2》(Supreme Commander 2, 2010)中的对一个野战排进行的神经演化训练<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21721890-games-help-them-understand-reality-why-ai-researchers-video-games|title=Why AI researchers like video games|website=The Economist|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051028/https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21721890-games-help-them-understand-reality-why-ai-researchers-video-games|archivedate=5 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Yannakakis, G. N. (2012, May). Game AI revisited. In Proceedings of the 9th conference on Computing Frontiers (pp. 285–292). ACM.</ref>。

  --[[用户:Thingamabob|Thingamabob]]（[[用户讨论:Thingamabob|讨论]]） neuroevolutionary training of platoons 未找到标准翻译

  --[[用户:Thingamabob|Thingamabob]]（[[用户讨论:Thingamabob|讨论]]） neuroevolutionary training of platoons 未找到标准翻译

 

{{Further|Artificial intelligence arms race|Lethal autonomous weapon|Unmanned combat aerial vehicle}}

{{Further|Artificial intelligence arms race|Lethal autonomous weapon|Unmanned combat aerial vehicle}}

The United States and other nations are developing AI applications for a range of military functions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Congressional Research Service|first=|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45178.pdf|title=Artificial Intelligence and National Security|publisher=Congressional Research Service|year=2019|isbn=|location=Washington, DC|pages=}}[[Template:PD-notice|PD-notice]]</ref> The main military applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are to enhance C2, Communications, Sensors, Integration and Interoperability.<ref name="AI">{{cite web|title=Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334573170|last=Slyusar|first=Vadym|date=2019|work=Preprint}}</ref> AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles.<ref name=":2" /> Artificial Intelligence technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Join Fires between networked combat vehicles and tanks also inside Manned and Unmanned Teams (MUM-T).<ref name=AI /> AI has been incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria.<ref name=":2" />

The United States and other nations are developing AI applications for a range of military functions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Congressional Research Service|first=|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45178.pdf|title=Artificial Intelligence and National Security|publisher=Congressional Research Service|year=2019|isbn=|location=Washington, DC|pages=}}[[Template:PD-notice|PD-notice]]</ref> The main military applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are to enhance C2, Communications, Sensors, Integration and Interoperability.<ref name="AI">{{cite web|title=Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334573170|last=Slyusar|first=Vadym|date=2019|work=Preprint}}</ref> AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles.<ref name=":2" /> Artificial Intelligence technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Join Fires between networked combat vehicles and tanks also inside Manned and Unmanned Teams (MUM-T).<ref name=AI /> AI has been incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria.<ref name=":2" />

The United States and other nations are developing AI applications for a range of military functions. The main military applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are to enhance C2, Communications, Sensors, Integration and Interoperability. AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. Artificial Intelligence technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Join Fires between networked combat vehicles and tanks also inside Manned and Unmanned Teams (MUM-T). AI has been incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria.

The United States and other nations are developing AI applications for a range of military functions. The main military applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are to enhance C2, Communications, Sensors, Integration and Interoperability. AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. Artificial Intelligence technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Join Fires between networked combat vehicles and tanks also inside Manned and Unmanned Teams (MUM-T). AI has been incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria.

美国和其他国家正在为一系列军事功能开发AI应用程序。AI和机器学习的主要军事应用是增强 C2、通信、传感器、集成和互操作性。情报收集和分析、后勤、网络操作、信息操作、指挥和控制以及各种半自动和自动车辆等领域正在进行AI研究。AI技术能够协调传感器和效应器、探测威胁和识别、标记敌人阵地、目标获取、协调和消除有人和无人小组(MUM-T)、联网作战车辆和坦克内部的分布式联合火力。伊拉克和叙利亚的军事行动采用了AI。

美国和其他国家正在为一系列军事目的开发AI应用程序<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Congressional Research Service|first=|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45178.pdf|title=Artificial Intelligence and National Security|publisher=Congressional Research Service|year=2019|isbn=|location=Washington, DC|pages=}}[[Template:PD-notice|PD-notice]]</ref>。AI和机器学习的主要军事应用是增强 C2、通信、传感器、集成和互操作性。情报收集和分析、后勤、网络操作、信息操作、指挥和控制以及各种半自动和自动车辆等领域正在进行AI研究<ref name="AI">{{cite web|title=Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334573170|last=Slyusar|first=Vadym|date=2019|work=Preprint}}</ref> AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles.<ref name=":2" />。AI技术能够协调传感器和效应器、探测威胁和识别、标记敌人阵地、目标获取、协调和消除有人和无人小组(MUM-T)、联网作战车辆和坦克内部的分布式联合火力<ref name=AI /> 。伊拉克和叙利亚的军事行动就采用了AI。<ref name=":2" />

Worldwide annual military spending on robotics rose from US$5.1 billion in 2010 to US$7.5 billion in 2015. Military drones capable of autonomous action are widely considered a useful asset. Many artificial intelligence researchers seek to distance themselves from military applications of AI.

Worldwide annual military spending on robotics rose from US$5.1 billion in 2010 to US$7.5 billion in 2015. Military drones capable of autonomous action are widely considered a useful asset. Many artificial intelligence researchers seek to distance themselves from military applications of AI.

全球每年在机器人方面的军费开支从2010年的51亿美元增加到2015年的75亿美元<ref>{{cite news|title=Getting to grips with military robotics|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21735478-autonomous-robots-and-swarms-will-change-nature-warfare-getting-grips|accessdate=7 February 2018|work=The Economist|date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Autonomous Systems: Infographic|url=https://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/digitalization-and-software/autonomous-systems-infographic.html|website=siemens.com|accessdate=7 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>。人们都认为具有自主行动能力的军用无人机很有价值<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy|title=Understanding China's AI Strategy|last=Allen|first=Gregory|date=February 6, 2019|website=www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy|publisher=Center for a New American Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317004017/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy|archive-date=March 17, 2019|url-status=|access-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref>。而许多AI研究人员则正在试图远离AI的军事应用。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Metz|first1=Cade|title=Pentagon Wants Silicon Valley's Help on A.I.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/technology/military-artificial-intelligence.html|accessdate=19 March 2018|work=The New York Times|date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

 

 

 

===服务 Hospitality ===

In the hospitality industry, Artificial Intelligence based solutions are used to reduce staff load and increase efficiency by cutting repetitive tasks frequency, trends analysis, guest interaction, and customer needs prediction. Hotel services backed by Artificial Intelligence are represented in the form of a chatbot, application, virtual voice assistant and service robots.

In the hospitality industry, Artificial Intelligence based solutions are used to reduce staff load and increase efficiency by cutting repetitive tasks frequency, trends analysis, guest interaction, and customer needs prediction. Hotel services backed by Artificial Intelligence are represented in the form of a chatbot, application, virtual voice assistant and service robots.

在待客行业，基于AI的解决方案通过减少重复性任务的频率、分析趋势、与客户活动和预测客户需求来减少员工负担和提高效率<ref>{{cite web|title=Role of AI in travel and Hospitality Industry|url=https://www.infosys.com/industries/travel-hospitality/documents/ai-travel-hospitality.pdf|accessdate=14 January 2020|work=Infosys|date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Advanced analytics in hospitality|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/advanced-analytics-in-hospitality|accessdate=14 January 2020|work=McKinsey & Company|date=2017}}</ref>。使用AI的酒店服务以聊天机器人、应用程序、虚拟语音助手和服务机器人的形式呈现<ref>{{cite web|title=Current applications of Artificial Intelligence in tourism and hospitality|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333242550|accessdate=14 January 2020|work=Sinteza|date=2019}}</ref>。

 

 

 

 

 

===审计 Audit ===

 

 

For financial statements audit, AI makes continuous audit possible. AI tools could analyze many sets of different information immediately. The potential benefit would be the overall audit risk will be reduced, the level of assurance will be increased and the time duration of audit will be reduced.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Hsihui|last2=Kao|first2=Yi-Ching|last3=Mashruwala|first3=Raj|last4=Sorensen|first4=Susan M.|title=Technical Inefficiency, Allocative Inefficiency, and Audit Pricing|journal=Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance|volume=33|issue=4|date=10 April 2017|pages=580–600|doi=10.1177/0148558X17696760}}</ref>

For financial statements audit, AI makes continuous audit possible. AI tools could analyze many sets of different information immediately. The potential benefit would be the overall audit risk will be reduced, the level of assurance will be increased and the time duration of audit will be reduced.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Hsihui|last2=Kao|first2=Yi-Ching|last3=Mashruwala|first3=Raj|last4=Sorensen|first4=Susan M.|title=Technical Inefficiency, Allocative Inefficiency, and Audit Pricing|journal=Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance|volume=33|issue=4|date=10 April 2017|pages=580–600|doi=10.1177/0148558X17696760}}</ref>

For financial statements audit, AI makes continuous audit possible. AI tools could analyze many sets of different information immediately. The potential benefit would be the overall audit risk will be reduced, the level of assurance will be increased and the time duration of audit will be reduced.

For financial statements audit, AI makes continuous audit possible. AI tools could analyze many sets of different information immediately. The potential benefit would be the overall audit risk will be reduced, the level of assurance will be increased and the time duration of audit will be reduced.

在财务报表审计这方面，AI 可以做到持续审计。AI工具可以迅速分析多组不同的信息。可能的好处是减少了总体审计风险，提高审计水平，缩短审计时间。

在财务报表审计这方面，AI 使得持续审计成为可能。AI工具可以迅速分析多组不同的信息。AI应用带来的可能的好处包括减少总体审计风险，提高审计水平，缩短审计时间。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Hsihui|last2=Kao|first2=Yi-Ching|last3=Mashruwala|first3=Raj|last4=Sorensen|first4=Susan M.|title=Technical Inefficiency, Allocative Inefficiency, and Audit Pricing|journal=Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance|volume=33|issue=4|date=10 April 2017|pages=580–600|doi=10.1177/0148558X17696760}}</ref>

 

 

 

===广告 Advertising ===

It is possible to use AI to predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their [[digital footprints]] in order to target them with personalized promotions or build customer personas automatically.<ref name="Matz et al 2017">Matz, S. C., et al. "Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2017): 201710966.</ref> A documented case reports that online gambling companies were using AI to improve customer targeting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Busby |first1=Mattha |title=Revealed: how bookies use AI to keep gamblers hooked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/30/bookies-using-ai-to-keep-gamblers-hooked-insiders-say |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

It is possible to use AI to predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their [[digital footprints]] in order to target them with personalized promotions or build customer personas automatically.<ref name="Matz et al 2017">Matz, S. C., et al. "Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2017): 201710966.</ref> A documented case reports that online gambling companies were using AI to improve customer targeting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Busby |first1=Mattha |title=Revealed: how bookies use AI to keep gamblers hooked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/30/bookies-using-ai-to-keep-gamblers-hooked-insiders-say |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

It is possible to use AI to predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their digital footprints in order to target them with personalized promotions or build customer personas automatically. A documented case reports that online gambling companies were using AI to improve customer targeting.

It is possible to use AI to predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their digital footprints in order to target them with personalized promotions or build customer personas automatically. A documented case reports that online gambling companies were using AI to improve customer targeting.

Moreover, the application of Personality computing AI models can help reducing the cost of advertising campaigns by adding psychological targeting to more traditional sociodemographic or behavioral targeting.

Moreover, the application of Personality computing AI models can help reducing the cost of advertising campaigns by adding psychological targeting to more traditional sociodemographic or behavioral targeting.

此外，个性计算AI模型通过结合心理定位和传统的社会人口学或行为定位方法，帮助降低了广告投放的成本。<ref name="Celli et al. 2017">Celli, Fabio, Pietro Zani Massani, and Bruno Lepri. "Profilio: Psychometric Profiling to Boost Social Media Advertising." Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Multimedia Conference. ACM, 2017  [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320542489_Profilio_Psychometric_Profiling_to_Boost_Social_Media_Advertising]</ref>

 

 

===艺术 Art ===

 

{{Further|Computer art}}

{{Further|Computer art}}

Artificial Intelligence has inspired numerous creative applications including its usage to produce visual art. The exhibition "Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989" at MoMA<ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3863|title=Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> provides a good overview of the historical applications of AI for art, architecture, and design. Recent exhibitions showcasing the usage of AI to produce art include the Google-sponsored benefit and auction at the Gray Area Foundation in San Francisco, where artists experimented with the [[DeepDream]] algorithm<ref name = wp1>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/03/10/googles-psychedelic-paint-brush-raises-the-oldest-question-in-art/ Retrieved July 29]</ref> and the exhibition "Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI," which took place in Los Angeles and Frankfurt in the fall of 2017.<ref name = sf>{{cite web|url=https://www.statefestival.org/program/2017/unhuman-art-in-the-age-of-ai |title=Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI – State Festival |publisher=Statefestival.org |date= |accessdate=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name="artsy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-hard-painting-made-computer-human|title=It's Getting Hard to Tell If a Painting Was Made by a Computer or a Human|last=Chun|first=Rene|date=2017-09-21|website=Artsy|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> In the spring of 2018, the Association of Computing Machinery dedicated a special magazine issue to the subject of computers and art highlighting the role of machine learning in the arts.<ref name = acm>[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3204480.3186697 Retrieved July 29]</ref> The Austrian [[Ars Electronica]] and [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna]] opened exhibitions on AI in 2019.<ref name="Ars Electronica Exhibition ''Understanding AI''">{{Cite web|url=https://ars.electronica.art/center/en/exhibitions/ai/ |access-date=September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Museum of Applied Arts Exhibition ''Uncanny Values''">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mak.at/en/program/exhibitions/uncanny_values |access-date=October 2019|title=MAK Wien - MAK Museum Wien}}</ref> The Ars Electronica's 2019 festival "Out of the box" extensively thematized the role of arts for a sustainable societal transformation with AI.<ref name="European Platform for Digital Humanism">{{Cite web|url=https://ars.electronica.art/outofthebox/en/digital-humanism-conf/ |access-date=September 2019}}</ref>

Artificial Intelligence has inspired numerous creative applications including its usage to produce visual art. The exhibition "Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989" at MoMA<ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3863|title=Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> provides a good overview of the historical applications of AI for art, architecture, and design. Recent exhibitions showcasing the usage of AI to produce art include the Google-sponsored benefit and auction at the Gray Area Foundation in San Francisco, where artists experimented with the [[DeepDream]] algorithm<ref name = wp1>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/03/10/googles-psychedelic-paint-brush-raises-the-oldest-question-in-art/ Retrieved July 29]</ref> and the exhibition "Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI," which took place in Los Angeles and Frankfurt in the fall of 2017.<ref name = sf>{{cite web|url=https://www.statefestival.org/program/2017/unhuman-art-in-the-age-of-ai |title=Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI – State Festival |publisher=Statefestival.org |date= |accessdate=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name="artsy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-hard-painting-made-computer-human|title=It's Getting Hard to Tell If a Painting Was Made by a Computer or a Human|last=Chun|first=Rene|date=2017-09-21|website=Artsy|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> In the spring of 2018, the Association of Computing Machinery dedicated a special magazine issue to the subject of computers and art highlighting the role of machine learning in the arts.<ref name = acm>[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3204480.3186697 Retrieved July 29]</ref> The Austrian [[Ars Electronica]] and [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna]] opened exhibitions on AI in 2019.<ref name="Ars Electronica Exhibition ''Understanding AI''">{{Cite web|url=https://ars.electronica.art/center/en/exhibitions/ai/ |access-date=September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Museum of Applied Arts Exhibition ''Uncanny Values''">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mak.at/en/program/exhibitions/uncanny_values |access-date=October 2019|title=MAK Wien - MAK Museum Wien}}</ref> The Ars Electronica's 2019 festival "Out of the box" extensively thematized the role of arts for a sustainable societal transformation with AI.<ref name="European Platform for Digital Humanism">{{Cite web|url=https://ars.electronica.art/outofthebox/en/digital-humanism-conf/ |access-date=September 2019}}</ref>

Artificial Intelligence has inspired numerous creative applications including its usage to produce visual art. The exhibition "Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989" at MoMA provides a good overview of the historical applications of AI for art, architecture, and design. Recent exhibitions showcasing the usage of AI to produce art include the Google-sponsored benefit and auction at the Gray Area Foundation in San Francisco, where artists experimented with the DeepDream algorithm and the exhibition "Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI," which took place in Los Angeles and Frankfurt in the fall of 2017. In the spring of 2018, the Association of Computing Machinery dedicated a special magazine issue to the subject of computers and art highlighting the role of machine learning in the arts. The Austrian Ars Electronica and Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna opened exhibitions on AI in 2019. The Ars Electronica's 2019 festival "Out of the box" extensively thematized the role of arts for a sustainable societal transformation with AI.

Artificial Intelligence has inspired numerous creative applications including its usage to produce visual art. The exhibition "Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989" at MoMA provides a good overview of the historical applications of AI for art, architecture, and design. Recent exhibitions showcasing the usage of AI to produce art include the Google-sponsored benefit and auction at the Gray Area Foundation in San Francisco, where artists experimented with the DeepDream algorithm and the exhibition "Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI," which took place in Los Angeles and Frankfurt in the fall of 2017. In the spring of 2018, the Association of Computing Machinery dedicated a special magazine issue to the subject of computers and art highlighting the role of machine learning in the arts. The Austrian Ars Electronica and Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna opened exhibitions on AI in 2019. The Ars Electronica's 2019 festival "Out of the box" extensively thematized the role of arts for a sustainable societal transformation with AI.

AI催生了许多在如视觉艺术等领域的创造性应用。在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办的“思考机器: 计算机时代的艺术与设计，1959-1989”展览概述了艺术、建筑和设计的历史中AI的应用。最近的展览展示了AI在艺术创作中的应用，包括谷歌赞助的旧金山灰色地带基金会(Gray Area Foundation)的慈善拍卖会，艺术家们在拍卖会中尝试了 DeepDream 算法，以及2017年秋天在洛杉矶和法兰克福举办的“非人类: AI时代的艺术”展览。2018年春天，计算机协会发行了一期主题为计算机和艺术的特刊，着重展示了机器学习在艺术中的作用。奥地利电子艺术博物馆和维也纳应用艺术博物馆于2019年开设了AI展览。2019年的电子艺术节 “Out of the box”将AI艺术在可持续社会转型中的作用变成了一个主题。

AI催生了许多在如视觉艺术等领域的创造性应用。在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办的“思考机器: 计算机时代的艺术与设计，1959-1989”展览概述了艺术、建筑和设计的历史中AI的应用<ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3863|title=Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>。最近的展览展示了AI在艺术创作中的应用<ref name = wp1>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/03/10/googles-psychedelic-paint-brush-raises-the-oldest-question-in-art/ Retrieved July 29]</ref>，包括谷歌赞助的旧金山灰色地带基金会(Gray Area Foundation)的慈善拍卖会，艺术家们在拍卖会中尝试了 DeepDream 算法，以及2017年秋天在洛杉矶和法兰克福举办的“非人类: AI时代的艺术”展览.<ref name = sf>{{cite web|url=https://www.statefestival.org/program/2017/unhuman-art-in-the-age-of-ai |title=Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI – State Festival |publisher=Statefestival.org |date= |accessdate=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name="artsy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-hard-painting-made-computer-human|title=It's Getting Hard to Tell If a Painting Was Made by a Computer or a Human|last=Chun|first=Rene|date=2017-09-21|website=Artsy|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>。2018年春天，计算机协会发行了一期主题为计算机和艺术的特刊，着重展示了机器学习在艺术中的作用。奥地利电子艺术博物馆和维也纳应用艺术博物馆于2019年开设了AI展览<ref name="Ars Electronica Exhibition ''Understanding AI''">{{Cite web|url=https://ars.electronica.art/center/en/exhibitions/ai/ |access-date=September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Museum of Applied Arts Exhibition ''Uncanny Values''">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mak.at/en/program/exhibitions/uncanny_values |access-date=October 2019|title=MAK Wien - MAK Museum Wien}}</ref>。2019年的电子艺术节 “Out of the box”将AI艺术在可持续社会转型中的作用变成了一个主题<ref name="European Platform for Digital Humanism">{{Cite web|url=https://ars.electronica.art/outofthebox/en/digital-humanism-conf/ |access-date=September 2019}}</ref>。

 

== 哲学和伦理学 ==

== 哲学和伦理学 ==