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第356行：
第356行： − + − By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected", thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory". He later called his theory natural selection, an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding. While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you." He found what they called "Macaw Cottage" (because of its gaudy interiors) in Gower Street, then moved his "museum" in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).+ − 到了12月中旬，达尔文看到了一个相似之处，农民在人工选择选择最好的股票，马尔萨斯自然选择机会变异，使“新获得的结构的每一部分是完全实用和完善的” ，认为这种比较“一个美丽的部分我的理论”。他后来称他的理论为自然选择，与他称之为人工选择的“人工选择”相类似。当他在伦敦找房子的时候，病情还在继续，爱玛写信催促他休息一下，几乎是预言性地写道: “所以，亲爱的查理，在我能和你一起照顾你之前，不要再生病了。”他在 Gower Street 找到了他们所谓的“金刚鹦鹉小屋”(因为里面的装饰俗气) ，然后在圣诞节期间把他的“博物馆”搬了进去。1839年1月24日，达尔文被选为英国皇家学会会员。+ 第368行：
第368行： − On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.+ − 1月29日，达尔文和艾玛 · 韦奇伍德在梅尔举行了英国圣公会为一神教举行的婚礼，然后立即赶上了去伦敦和他们新家的火车。+ + + + + 第380行：
第384行： − Darwin in 1842 with his eldest son, [[William Erasmus Darwin]]+ − 1842年，达尔文和他的长子，[威廉·伊拉斯谟·达尔文]+ 第388行：
第392行： − + − − 达尔文现在有了自然选择理论的框架，他的研究包括广泛的动植物实验人工选择，发现物种不固定的证据，并调查许多详细的想法来完善和证实他的理论。 − +
→Malthus and natural selection
后来待他完全康复，于七月回到什鲁斯伯里。因为他过去有习惯记下有关动物育种的记录，因此我们看到了他在两张纸上也草草地写下了他对于婚姻，职业和前景的漫长思考，其中一栏的标题为“结婚”和“不结婚”。在“结婚”下面写下了其好处为：“长久不变的同伴和朋友……总之比狗好”，坏处是“没有足够的钱买书”和“可怕的时间浪费”。在决定结婚后，他与父亲讨论了结婚事宜，然后于7月29日去拜访表姐爱玛Emma。他没有抽空去准备该如何求婚，而是不顾父亲的劝告，提出了自己对于研究演变的想法计划。
后来待他完全康复，于七月回到什鲁斯伯里。因为他过去有习惯记下有关动物育种的记录，因此我们看到了他在两张纸上也草草地写下了他对于婚姻，职业和前景的漫长思考，其中一栏的标题为“结婚”和“不结婚”。在“结婚”下面写下了其好处为：“长久不变的同伴和朋友……总之比狗好”，坏处是“没有足够的钱买书”和“可怕的时间浪费”。在决定结婚后，他与父亲讨论了结婚事宜，然后于7月29日去拜访表姐爱玛Emma。他没有抽空去准备该如何求婚，而是不顾父亲的劝告，提出了自己对于研究演变的想法计划。
===Malthus and natural selection===
=== Malthus and natural selection 马尔萨斯与自然选择 ===
Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of [[Malthus]]'s ''[[An Essay on the Principle of Population]]'', and on 28 September 1838 he noted its assertion that human "population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio", a [[geometric progression]] so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a [[Malthusian catastrophe]]. Darwin was well prepared to compare this to [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle]]'s "warring of the species" of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. As species always breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring, while unfavourable variations would be lost. He wrote that the "final cause of all this wedging, must be to sort out proper structure, & adapt it to changes", so that "One may say there is a force like a hundred thousand wedges trying force into every kind of adapted structure into the gaps of in the economy of nature, or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones."<ref name=JvW /><ref name="134e">{{cite web | title = Darwin transmutation notebook D pp. 134e–135e | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR123.-&pageseq=112 | accessdate = 4 June 2012 | url-status=live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718105154/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR123.-&pageseq=112 | archivedate = 18 July 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> This would result in the formation of new species.<ref name=JvW /><ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 264–265}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp= 385–388}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1842|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=39 7]}}</ref> As he later wrote in his ''[[The Autobiography of Charles Darwin|Autobiography]]'':
Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of [[Malthus]]'s ''[[An Essay on the Principle of Population]]'', and on 28 September 1838 he noted its assertion that human "population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio", a [[geometric progression]] so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a [[Malthusian catastrophe]]. Darwin was well prepared to compare this to [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle]]'s "warring of the species" of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. As species always breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring, while unfavourable variations would be lost. He wrote that the "final cause of all this wedging, must be to sort out proper structure, & adapt it to changes", so that "One may say there is a force like a hundred thousand wedges trying force into every kind of adapted structure into the gaps of in the economy of nature, or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones."<ref name=JvW /><ref name="134e">{{cite web | title = Darwin transmutation notebook D pp. 134e–135e | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR123.-&pageseq=112 | accessdate = 4 June 2012 | url-status=live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718105154/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR123.-&pageseq=112 | archivedate = 18 July 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> This would result in the formation of new species.<ref name=JvW /><ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 264–265}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp= 385–388}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1842|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=39 7]}}</ref> As he later wrote in his ''[[The Autobiography of Charles Darwin|Autobiography]]'':
Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population, and on 28 September 1838 he noted its assertion that human "population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio", a geometric progression so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe. Darwin was well prepared to compare this to de Candolle's "warring of the species" of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. As species always breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring, while unfavourable variations would be lost. He wrote that the "final cause of all this wedging, must be to sort out proper structure, & adapt it to changes", so that "One may say there is a force like a hundred thousand wedges trying force into every kind of adapted structure into the gaps of in the economy of nature, or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones."[13][95] This would result in the formation of new species.[13][96] As he later wrote in his Autobiography:
后来达尔文继续在伦敦进行研究，他广泛阅读相关著作，包括马尔萨斯的《人口原理An Essay on the Principle of Population》第六版。1838年9月28日，他指出“人类的人口在不受控制的情况下每25年就会增加一倍，或者以几何比例增加”，这种呈几何级数增长的速度，会造成所谓的马尔萨斯灾难，人口很快会超出了粮食供应的极限。达尔文已做好充分的准备，可以将其与坎多尔Candolle的“物种争斗”进行比较，以及野生动植物之间为生存而进行的斗争，这解释了一个物种的数量是如何大致保持稳定。由于物种的繁殖总是超出可用资源，那么有利的变异将使生物能更好地生存下来并将变异传给其后代，而不利的变异将逐渐消失。他写道，“所有楔入的最终原因，必须是找出适当的结构，并使之适应变化”，因此，“有人可能会说有十万个楔形力，试图将各种适应力推向自然经济的缝隙，或者更精确地说通过淘汰弱者来形成这种缝隙。”这最终将导致新物种的形成。正如他后来在自传中写道：
{{Quote|In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...<ref name="autobio 120">{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=124 120]}}</ref>}}
{{Quote|In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...<ref name="autobio 120">{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=124 120]}}</ref>}}
In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...
在1838年10月，也就是我开始进行系统性调查的15个月后，我碰巧读了马尔萨斯的《人口原理》，通过长期不断地观察动植物的习性，做好了充分的准备去欣赏生物为生存而奋斗的过程。令我惊讶的是，我发现在这种情况下，生物倾向于保留有利的变化，而摈弃掉不利的变化。其结果将可能是形成一个新物种。然后基于这个假设，我终于产生了一个可以为之展开研究的理论...
By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in [[selective breeding]], and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=63 |title=Darwin transmutation notebook E p. 75 |accessdate=17 March 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628082830/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=63 |archivedate=28 June 2009 }}</ref> thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=61|title=Darwin transmutation notebook E p. 71|accessdate=17 March 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080656/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=61|archivedate=28 June 2009}}</ref> He later called his theory [[natural selection]], an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding.<ref name=JvW />
By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in [[selective breeding]], and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=63 |title=Darwin transmutation notebook E p. 75 |accessdate=17 March 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628082830/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=63 |archivedate=28 June 2009 }}</ref> thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=61|title=Darwin transmutation notebook E p. 71|accessdate=17 March 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080656/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=61|archivedate=28 June 2009}}</ref> He later called his theory [[natural selection]], an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding.<ref name=JvW />
By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected",[98] thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory".[99] He later called his theory natural selection, an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding.
到12月中旬，达尔文观察到农民在育种时往往会选择最佳种群，而马尔萨斯主张的从随机变体中进行选择，以使“新获得的结构的每个部分都完全实用且完善”具有与之相似的逻辑，达尔文认为这两者之间的比较是“他理论中最有力的证据”。后来他称其理论为自然选择，与他所谓的选择性育种的“人工选择”相类似。
On 11 November, he returned to [[Maer Hall|Maer]] and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife.<ref name=Belief>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Belief: historical essay|accessdate=25 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124103/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/ |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref> While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you." He found what they called "Macaw Cottage" (because of its gaudy interiors) in [[Gower Street (London)|Gower Street]], then moved his "museum" in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin was [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1839|elected a Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS).<ref name=frs /><ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 272–279}}</ref>
On 11 November, he returned to [[Maer Hall|Maer]] and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife.<ref name=Belief>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Belief: historical essay|accessdate=25 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124103/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/ |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref> While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you." He found what they called "Macaw Cottage" (because of its gaudy interiors) in [[Gower Street (London)|Gower Street]], then moved his "museum" in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin was [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1839|elected a Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS).<ref name=frs /><ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 272–279}}</ref>
On 11 November, he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife.[100] While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you." He found what they called "Macaw Cottage" (because of its gaudy interiors) in Gower Street, then moved his "museum" in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).
11月11日，他回到梅尔，向艾玛求婚，再次向她讲述了自己的想法。她接受了他，然后在交换情书中展示了她如何珍视他的坦诚，他们开始分享彼此的分歧观点，也表达了她强烈的一神论信仰，并担心他的坦诚和怀疑可能会导致在来世他们的分开。当他在伦敦寻找房子时，疾病不断发作，艾玛尽力说服让他休息一下，几乎预言到：“直到我能和你在一起照顾你之前，别再生病了。他在高尔街Gower Street找到了他们所谓的“金刚鹦鹉小屋”（由于其华丽的内饰），然后在圣诞节期间将他的“博物馆”搬进了他的家。1839年1月24日，达尔文被选为英国皇家学会FRS的研究员。
On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|p= 279}}</ref>
On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|p= 279}}</ref>
Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work", His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory.
On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.
1月29日，达尔文和艾玛·韦奇伍德在梅尔的一神论者英国国教仪式中结婚，然后立即乘火车去了伦敦他们的新家。
===Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research===
===Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research===