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→Descent of Man, sexual selection, and botany
[[文件:Darwin letter.jpg|缩略图|右|查尔斯·达尔文给生理学家约翰·伯顿·桑德森John Burdon-Sanderson的询问信]]
[[文件:Darwin letter.jpg|缩略图|右|查尔斯·达尔文给生理学家约翰·伯顿·桑德森John Burdon-Sanderson的询问信]]
{{See also|Darwin from Orchids to Variation|Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions|Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms|label 1=Orchids to Variation|label 2=Descent of Man to Emotions|label 3=Insectivorous Plants to Worms}}
Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published ''On the Origin of Species'' as an [[abstract (summary)|abstract]] of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered [[human evolution|human descent]] from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in [[wildlife]] and diversifying into innovative plant studies.
Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies.
尽管在他在生命的最后22年中反复发作疾病，但达尔文的工作一直在持续。在发表了《物种起源》作为其理论的摘要之后，他继续进行实验，研究和撰写了他的“全科书”。他介绍了人类起源于较早的动物，包括社会和智力的发展，以及解释野生动植物的装饰之美，并进行多样化的新型植物研究。
Enquiries about insect [[pollination]] led in 1861 to novel studies of wild [[orchid]]s, showing adaptation of their flowers to [[Pollination syndrome|attract specific moths]] to each species and ensure [[heterosis|cross fertilisation]]. In 1862 ''[[Fertilisation of Orchids]]'' gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of [[vine|climbing plants]].<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=50–55}}</ref> Admiring visitors included [[Ernst Haeckel]], a zealous proponent of ''Darwinismus'' incorporating [[Lamarckism]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s idealism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest |title=The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866 |accessdate=6 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110511/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |archivedate=5 June 2010 }} Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref> Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1999}}.</ref>
Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants.[158] Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's idealism.[159] Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism.
他对昆虫授粉的调查促使了1861年对野生兰花进行的全新研究，结果表明它们的花体具有适应性，以吸引特定的飞蛾进入每个物种并确保杂交。1862年，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 兰花的传粉Fertilisation of Orchids </font>'''》首次详细展示了自然选择的力量，书中解释了复杂的生态关系，并提供可验证的预测。随着健康状况的下降，达尔文躺在房间里的病床上，房间里充满了许多创造性的实验，追踪攀援植物的运动轨迹。拜访者包括恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel，他是达尔文主义的热心拥护者，融合了拉马克主义和歌德的理想主义。华莱士也仍然支持他，尽管他越来越转向唯心论。
Darwin's book ''[[The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication]]'' (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of [[pangenesis]] attempting to explain [[heredity]]. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A1&pageseq=123 122]}}</ref>
Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.
达尔文的著作《动物和植物在家养下的变异The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》（1868年）是他计划中的“全科书”的第一部分，包括他试图解释遗传，但是未能成功解释的假说。尽管“全科书”这一部分规模很大，但它一开始就卖得很快，并被翻译成多种语言。之后他写的第二部分则大部分是关于自然选择的，但是在接下来的日子里最终未能出版。
[[文件:Man is But a Worm.jpg|缩略图|右|在达尔文去世前不久，英国著名的期刊Punch出版了《1882年年鉴》，描绘了他正从混沌下的一条虫演变为维多利亚时代的绅士，标题为《人不过是一条虫》。]]
===Death and funeral===
===Death and funeral===