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→Descent of Man, sexual selection, and botany
达尔文的著作《动物和植物在家养下的变异The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》（1868年）是他计划中的“全科书”的第一部分，包括他试图解释遗传，但是未能成功解释的假说。尽管“全科书”这一部分规模很大，但它一开始就卖得很快，并被翻译成多种语言。之后他写的第二部分则大部分是关于自然选择的，但是在接下来的日子里最终未能出版。
达尔文的著作《动物和植物在家养下的变异The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》（1868年）是他计划中的“全科书”的第一部分，包括他试图解释遗传，但是未能成功解释的假说。尽管“全科书”这一部分规模很大，但它一开始就卖得很快，并被翻译成多种语言。之后他写的第二部分则大部分是关于自然选择的，但是在接下来的日子里最终未能出版。
[[文件:Man is But a Worm.jpg|缩略图|右|在达尔文去世前不久，英国著名的期刊Punch出版了《1882年年鉴》，描绘了他正从混沌下的一条虫演变为维多利亚时代的绅士，标题为《人不过是一条虫》。]]
[[文件:Man is But a Worm.jpg|缩略图|右|在达尔文去世前不久，英国著名的期刊Punch出版了《1882年年鉴》，描绘了他正从混沌下的一条虫演变为维多利亚时代的绅士，标题为《人不过是一条虫》。]]
[[Charles Lyell|Lyell]] had already popularised human prehistory, and [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] had shown that anatomically humans are apes.<ref name=B217 /> With ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex'' published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented [[sexual selection]] to explain impractical animal features such as the [[peacock]]'s plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural [[Race (human categorization)|racial classification]], while emphasising that humans are all one species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.2&pageseq=402 385–405]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=339–343}}</ref> His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'', one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the [[evolutionary psychology|evolution of human psychology]] and its continuity with the [[ethology|behaviour of animals]]. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=359–369}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1887|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1452.3&pageseq=145 133]}}</ref> His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=422 405]}}</ref>
Lyell had already popularised human prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes.[153] With The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the peacock's plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural racial classification, while emphasising that humans are all one species.[162] His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."[163] His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."
莱尔普及了人类史，赫胥黎则从解剖学上证明了人类是猿。达尔文在1871年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 人类的由来及性选择The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex </font>'''》一书中，收集了大量证据来证明人类是动物，显示出无论是生理上和心理上进化的连续性。并提出可以用性选择来解释无法说通的动物特征区别，例如孔雀的羽毛以及人类的文化演变，性别差异以及生理和文化种族的分类，同时他还强调所有人类都源于一个物种。他的影像研究在1872年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 人与动物的情感表达The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals </font>'''》一书中得到了扩展，这是最早印有印刷照片的书籍之一，该书讨论了人类心理的演变及其与动物行为的连续性。这两本书都非常受欢迎，达尔文因此特别感动，因为他的观点得到普遍认可，特别是“每个人都在谈论它，并不会感到震惊”。他总结道“他具有所有的高尚品格，充满同情心（即使是对最低贱的生物），他的仁爱不仅适用于他人，也适用于最卑微的生灵，他的神性智慧已经渗透到行动中。太阳系的构成（包括所有这些崇高的力量），都使人类在肉体中烙印上他出身低微且不可磨灭的印记。”
His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, ''[[Insectivorous Plants (book)|Insectivorous Plants]], [[The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom]]'', different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and ''[[The Power of Movement in Plants]]''. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including [[Mary Treat]], whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.<ref>[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women Darwin's Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212213901/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women |date=12 February 2020 }} at [[Cambridge University]]</ref> His botanical work{{Ref label|I|IX|none}} was interpreted and popularised by various writers including [[Grant Allen]] and [[H. G. Wells]], and [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10359900&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007087416000352 helped transform plant science] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to ''[[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms]]''.
His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including Mary Treat, whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.[165] His botanical work[IX] was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H. G. Wells, and helped transform plant science in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
这些与进化有关的实验研究导致了达尔文还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同
种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交换看法，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。
===Death and funeral===
===Death and funeral===