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第623行： − + − − By the time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced most scientists that evolution as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification", he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate his centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of On the Origin of Species. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called "the eclipse of Darwinism", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory. and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday. When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain Wickham named Port Darwin: a nearby settlement was renamed Darwin in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory. − − 到达尔文去世的时候，他和他的同事已经说服了大多数科学家相信进化论是通过修改的后裔是正确的，他被认为是一个伟大的科学家，彻底改变了思想。1909年6月，尽管当时很少有人同意他的观点，认为“自然选择是主要的但不是唯一的改造方式” ，但是来自世界各地的400多名官员和科学家在剑桥会面，纪念他的百年诞辰和物种起源50周年，向他表示敬意。20世纪初，科学家们提出了各种各样的进化机制，这些机制最终被证明是站不住脚的。英国统计学家 Ronald Fisher 在1918年和他1930年出版的《自然选择的遗传理论期间，最终将孟德尔遗传学和自然选择结合起来。他给这个理论提供了数学基础，并且带来了广泛的科学共识---- 自然选择是进化的基本机制，从而奠定了群体遗传学和现代进化综论的基础。霍尔丹和塞沃尔 · 赖特，他们为现代的辩论和理论的完善设定了参照系。附近的安第斯山脉的达尔文山被命名以庆祝达尔文的25岁生日。1839年，当贝格尔号考察澳大利亚时，达尔文的朋友约翰 · 洛特 · 斯托克斯发现了一个天然港口，船长威克姆将其命名为达尔文港: 附近的一个定居点在1911年被重新命名为达尔文，并成为澳大利亚北领地的首府。 − + − − Unveiling of the Darwin Statue outside the former Shrewsbury School building in 1897 − 1897年，达尔文雕像在前什鲁斯伯里学校大楼外揭幕 − − Stephen Heard identified 389 species that have been named after Darwin, and there are at least 9 genera. In one example, the group of tanagers related to those Darwin found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work. − − 史蒂芬 · 赫德确定了389个以达尔文命名的物种，至少有9个属。在一个例子中，1947年，一群与达尔文在科隆群岛发现的那些种类有关的种群被普遍称为“达尔文雀” ，并为有关它们对达尔文研究的重要性的不准确的传说提供了支持。 − − − − Darwin's work has continued to be celebrated by numerous publications and events. The Linnean Society of London has commemorated Darwin's achievements by the award of the Darwin–Wallace Medal since 1908. Darwin Day has become an annual celebration, and in 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species. − − 达尔文的工作继续受到众多出版物和活动的赞扬。自1908年以来，美国伦敦林奈学会学会一直通过授予达尔文-华莱士奖来纪念达尔文的成就。达尔文日已经成为一年一度的庆祝活动，2009年，世界各地的庆祝活动被安排在达尔文诞辰200周年和物种起源出版150周年之际。 − − − − Darwin has been commemorated in the UK, with his portrait printed on the reverse of £10 banknotes printed along with a hummingbird and HMS Beagle, issued by the Bank of England. − − 达尔文的肖像印在10英镑钞票的反面，还印有蜂鸟和英国央行发行的英国皇家海军舰艇贝格尔号。 − − − − A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the Natural History Museum in London. − − 在伦敦自然历史博物馆的大厅里可以看到一尊真人大小的达尔文坐像。 − − − − A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of Shrewsbury Library, the building that used to house Shrewsbury School, which Darwin attended as a boy. Another statue of Darwin as a young man is situated in the grounds of Christ's College, Cambridge. − − 一座1897年揭幕的坐式达尔文雕像矗立在 Shrewsbury Library 前，这座建筑曾经是达尔文什鲁斯伯里学校的所在地，达尔文小时候曾在这里上学。另一座达尔文年轻时的雕像坐落在剑桥基督学院的庭院里。 − − − + − 达尔文学院是剑桥大学的一所研究生院，以达尔文家族的名字命名。+ 第687行：
第650行： − In 2008–09, the Swedish band The Knife, in collaboration with Danish performance group Hotel Pro Forma and other musicians from Denmark, Sweden and the US, created an opera about the life of Darwin, and The Origin of Species, titled Tomorrow, in a Year. The show toured European theatres in 2010.+ − 2008-09年，瑞典乐队 The Knife 与丹麦表演团体 Hotel Pro Forma 以及其他来自丹麦、瑞典和美国的音乐家合作，创作了一部关于达尔文和物种起源生平的歌剧，名为《一年中的明天》。该剧于2010年在欧洲剧院巡回演出。+
→Death and funeral
这些与进化有关的实验研究导致了达尔文还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交换看法，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。
这些与进化有关的实验研究导致了达尔文还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交换看法，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。
===Death and funeral===
=== Death and funeral 去世及葬礼 ===
{{See also|Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms}}
{{See also|Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms}}
[[File:Herschel&darwin.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tombs of John Herschel, left black marble, and Charles Darwin. white marble in Westminster Abbey|Tombs of [[John Herschel]] and Charles Darwin. [[Westminster Abbey]]]]
[[文件:Herschel&darwin.jpg|缩略图|左|约翰·赫歇尔和查尔斯·达尔文的陵墓。 威斯敏斯特修道院]]
In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "[[angina pectoris]]" which then meant [[coronary thrombosis]] and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure".<ref>{{cite book
In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "[[angina pectoris]]" which then meant [[coronary thrombosis]] and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure".<ref>{{cite book
|title = Darwin's Illness
|title = Darwin's Illness
|pages = 116–120
|pages = 116–120
|first = Ralph
|first = Ralph
|last = Colp
|last = Colp
|df = dmy-all
|df = dmy-all
|doi = 10.5744/florida/9780813032313.003.0014
|doi = 10.5744/florida/9780813032313.003.0014
|chapter = The Final {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Illnes}}
|chapter = The Final {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Illnes}}
|year = 2008
|year = 2008
|isbn = 978-0-8130-3231-3
|isbn = 978-0-8130-3231-3
}}</ref> It has been speculated that Darwin may have suffered from chronic [[Chagas disease]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Clayton|first=Julie|date=24 June 2010|title=Chagas disease 101|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=465|issue=n7301_supp|pages=S4–S5|doi=10.1038/nature09220|pmid=20571553|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.465S...3C|s2cid=205221512}}</ref> This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the "[[Triatominae|Kissing Bug]]" in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1835;<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|title=The Case of Charles Darwin|website=dna.kdna.ucla.edu|access-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713034201/http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|archivedate=13 July 2017}}</ref> and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=R E|date=July 1984|title=Darwin's illness: Chagas' disease resurgens.|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=77|issue=7|pages=608–609|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1439957|pmid=6431091|url-status=live|doi=10.1177/014107688407700715}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Exhuming Darwin's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite, ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi|T. cruzi]]'', that causes Chagas disease.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
}}</ref> It has been speculated that Darwin may have suffered from chronic [[Chagas disease]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Clayton|first=Julie|date=24 June 2010|title=Chagas disease 101|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=465|issue=n7301_supp|pages=S4–S5|doi=10.1038/nature09220|pmid=20571553|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.465S...3C|s2cid=205221512}}</ref> This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the "[[Triatominae|Kissing Bug]]" in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1835;<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|title=The Case of Charles Darwin|website=dna.kdna.ucla.edu|access-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713034201/http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|archivedate=13 July 2017}}</ref> and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=R E|date=July 1984|title=Darwin's illness: Chagas' disease resurgens.|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=77|issue=7|pages=608–609|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1439957|pmid=6431091|url-status=live|doi=10.1177/014107688407700715}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Exhuming Darwin's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite, ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi|T. cruzi]]'', that causes Chagas disease.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Darwin College, a postgraduate college at Cambridge University, is named after the Darwin family.
In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure".[166] It has been speculated that Darwin may have suffered from chronic Chagas disease.[167] This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the "Kissing Bug" in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1835;[168] and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease.[169][167] Exhuming Darwin's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite, T. cruzi, that causes Chagas disease.
1882年，他被诊断出患有“心绞痛”，指的是冠状动脉血栓和心脏疾病。在他去世时，医生诊断为“心绞痛”和“心脏衰竭”。据推测，达尔文可能患有慢性锥虫病。这种猜测是基于达尔文写的日记，他曾描述过1835年在阿根廷门多萨被“猎蝽”咬伤；同时也可以根据他表现出的临床症状来推断，例如心脏病，因为这是慢性锥虫病的症状。当然如有必要可以挖掘出达尔文的尸体，通过检测克氏锥虫的DNA来确定其是否被感染，该寄生虫可以导致锥虫病。
He died at [[Down House]] on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me", then while she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|title=[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.] CUL-DAR210.9|author=Darwin, Emma|authorlink=Emma Darwin|year=1882|accessdate=8 January 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080442/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|archivedate=28 June 2009}}</ref> He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at [[Downe]], but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, [[William Spottiswoode]] (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]], close to [[John Herschel]] and [[Isaac Newton]]. The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=664–677}}</ref><ref name="Westminster Abbey CD">{{cite web | title=Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin | website=Westminster Abbey » Home | date=2 January 2016 | url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | accessdate=2 January 2016 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200905/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | archivedate=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}<br />{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}</ref>
He died at [[Down House]] on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me", then while she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|title=[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.] CUL-DAR210.9|author=Darwin, Emma|authorlink=Emma Darwin|year=1882|accessdate=8 January 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080442/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|archivedate=28 June 2009}}</ref> He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at [[Downe]], but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, [[William Spottiswoode]] (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]], close to [[John Herschel]] and [[Isaac Newton]]. The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=664–677}}</ref><ref name="Westminster Abbey CD">{{cite web | title=Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin | website=Westminster Abbey » Home | date=2 January 2016 | url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | accessdate=2 January 2016 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200905/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | archivedate=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}<br />{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}</ref>
He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me", then while she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".[170] He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at Downe, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.
最后，达尔文于1882年4月19日在Down House逝世。在他遗言中，他对艾玛说道：“我一点也不害怕死亡。记住对我来说你是个好妻子，告诉我所有的孩子，记住他们对我有多好”。在她休息的时候，他反复告诉亨利埃塔和弗朗西斯：“我的病由你来照顾是多么的值得”。他原本期待被埋葬在郡达温的圣玛丽墓地，但达尔文的同事请求，并通过公开的议会请愿，由威廉·斯波提斯伍德William Spottiswoode（皇家学会主席）安排了他在威斯敏斯特大教堂进行葬礼，靠近约翰·赫歇尔和艾萨克·牛顿。葬礼于4月26日星期三举行，成千上万的人参加了葬礼，包括家人，朋友，科学家，哲学家和政要。
==Legacy==
==Legacy==