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第738行： − + + + − − − − Annie died. By then his faith in Christianity had dwindled, and he had stopped going to church.]] − − 安妮死了。那时他对基督教的信仰已经减少，他已经不再去教堂了 − − − Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England. He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution, and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs. − − 达尔文的家庭传统是不墨守成规的一教主义，而他的父亲和祖父是自由思想家，他的洗礼和寄宿学校是英格兰教会。他寻找“创造中心”来解释分配，但他看不到一个无所不能的神在所有的痛苦和苦难中所做的工作，例如姬蜂麻痹毛虫作为卵的活食。 − − − − Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church, but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church. and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind". − − 达尔文和唐恩牧师约翰 · 布罗迪 · 英尼斯保持着密切的朋友关系，并继续在教堂的教区工作中发挥着领导作用，但从1849年左右开始，他会在星期天散步，而他的家人则去教堂。尽管对自己的宗教观点保持沉默，但在1879年，他写道: “我从来不是一个否认上帝存在的无神论者。- 我认为一般来说... ... 不可知论者是对我精神状态的最正确描述”。 − − − − − Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants. His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone, whom he long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the Beagle voyage. These attitudes were not unusual in Britain in the 1820s, much as it shocked visiting Americans. British society started to envisage racial differences more vividly in mid-century, Darwins interaction with Yaghans (Fuegians) such as Jemmy Button during the second voyage of HMS Beagle had a profound impact on his view of primitive peoples. At his arrival to Tierra del Fuego he made a colourful description of "Fuegian savages". While interested in Yaghan culture Darwin failed to appreciate their deep ecological knowledge and elaborate cosmology until the 1850s when he inspected a dictionary of Yaghan detailing 32-thousand words. − − 达尔文对社会和政治问题的看法反映了他的时代和社会地位。他生长在一个辉格党改革家庭，像他的叔叔约西亚 · 韦奇伍德一样，支持选举改革和奴隶解放。达尔文强烈反对奴隶制，认为英国工厂工人或仆人的工作条件没有问题。1826年，他从获得自由的奴隶约翰 · 埃德蒙斯通那里学到了制作动物标本的课程，他一直回忆说埃德蒙斯通是“一个非常和蔼、聪明的人” ，这强化了他的信念，即黑人拥有同样的感情，可以像其他种族的人一样聪明。他对他在贝格尔号航行中遇到的当地人采取了同样的态度。这种态度在19世纪20年代的英国并不罕见，就像它震惊到访的美国人一样。上世纪中叶，英国社会开始更加生动地正视种族差异，达尔文与雅格汉斯(Fuegians) ，如贝格尔号第二次航行期间的杰米 · 巴顿(Jemmy Button)的交往，对他的原始民族观产生了深远的影响。在他抵达火地群岛时，他对“富伊加野蛮人”做了一个生动的描述。虽然对 Yaghan 文化感兴趣，但达尔文并没有欣赏到他们深厚的生态学知识和复杂的宇宙学，直到19世纪50年代，他查阅了一本详细记载了3.2万字的 Yaghan 词典。 − − − − He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in her 1875 book The Sexes Throughout Nature. − − 他认为男性优于女性是性选择的结果，安托瓦内特 · 布朗 · 布莱克威尔在她1875年出版的《自然界的性别》一书中对这一观点提出了质疑。 − − − − Darwin was intrigued by his half-cousin Francis Galton's argument, introduced in 1865, that statistical analysis of heredity showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In The Descent of Man, Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection, but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy, "the noblest part of our nature", and factors such as education could be more important. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a "caste" of "those who are naturally gifted", Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it "the sole feasible, yet I fear utopian, plan of procedure in improving the human race", preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals. Francis Galton named this field of study "eugenics" in 1883. After Darwin's death, his theories were cited to promote eugenic policies that went against his humanitarian principles. Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory. − − 达尔文被他同父异母的表兄弗朗西斯 · 高尔顿(Francis Galton)于1865年提出的观点所吸引。高尔顿的观点是，对遗传的统计分析表明，人类的道德和精神特征可以被遗传，动物繁殖的原则可以适用于人类。在20世纪90年代人类的由来，达尔文指出，帮助弱者生存和建立家庭可能会失去自然选择的好处，但他警告说，拒绝这样的援助会危及同情的本能，“我们本性中最高贵的部分” ，以及教育等因素可能更为重要。当高尔顿提出，发表研究成果可以鼓励“天赋异禀者”的“种姓”内的异族通婚时，达尔文预见到了实际困难，并认为这是“唯一可行的，但我害怕乌托邦式的改善人类的程序计划” ，宁愿简单地宣传遗传的重要性，把决定权留给个人。弗朗西斯 · 高尔顿在1883年将这一研究领域命名为“优生学”。达尔文去世后，他的理论被引用来促进优生政策，这与他的人道主义原则背道而驰。当时进化论被认为具有社会意义，赫伯特 · 斯宾塞1851年的著作《社会静力学》以他的拉马克进化论为基础，提出了人类自由和个人自由的观点。 − − − − Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel's polygenistic ideas of human development. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus pacifists, socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species. Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature. − − 1859年《物种起源》出版后不久，批评家们嘲笑他对生存斗争的描述是当时英国工业资本主义的马尔萨斯式辩护。达尔文主义这个术语被用来形容其他人的进化论思想，包括斯宾塞的自由市场进步的“适者生存” ，恩斯特 · 海克尔的人类发展的多元论思想。作家们利用自然选择论证了各种各样的、往往相互矛盾的意识形态，比如自由放任、狗咬狗的资本主义、殖民主义和帝国主义。然而，达尔文的整体自然观包括“一个人对另一个人的依赖” ，因此和平主义者、社会主义者、自由主义社会改革者以及彼得 · 克鲁泡特金等无政府主义者强调合作的价值高于物种内部的斗争。达尔文自己坚持认为，社会政策不应简单地以自然界的斗争和选择概念为指导。 − − − − After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilisation laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute. − − 19世纪80年代以后，一场基于生物遗传学思想的优生学运动开始兴起，为了对其思想进行科学论证，达尔文主义的一些概念受到了关注。在英国，大多数人赞同达尔文关于自愿改善的谨慎观点，并试图鼓励那些具有“积极优生学”优良特征的人。在“达尔文主义的日蚀”期间，孟德尔遗传学为优生学提供了一个科学基础。消极优生学在美国、加拿大和澳大利亚很流行，美国的优生学引入了强制绝育法，其他几个国家紧随其后。随后，纳粹优生学使这一领域声名狼藉。 − − − − The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution. − − 自19世纪90年代以来，“社会达尔文主义”这个词并不常用，但在20世纪40年代成为一个贬义词，被理查德·霍夫施塔特用来攻击那些自由放任的保守主义者，比如反对改革和社会主义的威廉·萨姆纳。从那时起，它就被那些反对进化带来的道德后果的人用作一个滥用术语。 − − + + − The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and [[Anne Darwin|Annie]]'s death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.<ref name=whowas /> Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from [[inbreeding]] due to the close family ties he shared with his [[cousin marriage|wife and cousin]], Emma Wedgwood.+ − <!-- Please avoid repeating links above --> − < ! -- 请避免重复上面的链接 -- > + + − He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of [[outcrossing]] in many species.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=447}} Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers.+ 第836行：
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在2008-09年，瑞典乐队The Knife，丹麦表演团体Hotel Pro Forma，还有其他来自丹麦，瑞典和美国的音乐家们合作，创作了一部关于达尔文的生活和《物种起源》的歌剧，叫《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 一年后的明天Tomorrow, in a Year </font>'''》
在2008-09年，瑞典乐队The Knife，丹麦表演团体Hotel Pro Forma，还有其他来自丹麦，瑞典和美国的音乐家们合作，创作了一部关于达尔文的生活和《物种起源》的歌剧，叫《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 一年后的明天Tomorrow, in a Year </font>'''》
==Children==
== Children 达尔文的孩子 ==
{{see also|Darwin–Wedgwood family}}
{{see also|Darwin–Wedgwood family}}
{|class=toccolours style=float:right;clear:right;font-size:85%;width:33%;margin-left:2em;
{|class=toccolours style=float:right;clear:right;font-size:85%;width:33%;margin-left:2em;
|[[William Erasmus Darwin|William Erasmus]]||style=text-align:right;|27 December 1839 –||8 September 1914
|[[William Erasmus Darwin|William Erasmus]]||style=text-align:right;|27 December 1839 –||8 September 1914
|-
|-
|[[Anne Darwin|Anne Elizabeth]]||style=text-align:right;|2 March 1841 –||23 April 1851
|[[Anne Darwin|Anne Elizabeth]]||style=text-align:right;|2 March 1841 –||23 April 1851
|-
|-
|Mary Eleanor||style=text-align:right;|23 September 1842 –||16 October 1842
|Mary Eleanor||style=text-align:right;|23 September 1842 –||16 October 1842
|-
|-
|[[Henrietta Litchfield|Henrietta Emma]]||style=text-align:right;|25 September 1843 –||17 December 1927
|[[Henrietta Litchfield|Henrietta Emma]]||style=text-align:right;|25 September 1843 –||17 December 1927
|-
|-
|[[George Darwin|George Howard]]||style=text-align:right;|9 July 1845 –||7 December 1912
|[[George Darwin|George Howard]]||style=text-align:right;|9 July 1845 –||7 December 1912
|-
|-
|Elizabeth||style=text-align:right;|8 July 1847 –||8 June 1926
|Elizabeth||style=text-align:right;|8 July 1847 –||8 June 1926
|-
|-
|[[Francis Darwin|Francis]]||style=text-align:right;|16 August 1848 –||19 September 1925
|[[Francis Darwin|Francis]]||style=text-align:right;|16 August 1848 –||19 September 1925
|-
|-
|[[Leonard Darwin|Leonard]]||style=text-align:right;|15 January 1850 –||26 March 1943
|[[Leonard Darwin|Leonard]]||style=text-align:right;|15 January 1850 –||26 March 1943
|-
|-
|[[Horace Darwin|Horace]]||style=text-align:right;|13 May 1851 –||29 September 1928
|[[Horace Darwin|Horace]]||style=text-align:right;|13 May 1851 –||29 September 1928
|-
|-
|Charles<!-- Waring-->||style=text-align:right;|6 December 1856 –||28 June 1858
|Charles<!-- Waring-->||style=text-align:right;|6 December 1856 –||28 June 1858
|}
|}
The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and [[Anne Darwin|Annie]]'s death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.<ref name=whowas /> Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from [[inbreeding]] due to the close family ties he shared with his [[cousin marriage|wife and cousin]], Emma Wedgwood.
The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.[17] Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin, Emma Wedgwood.
达尔文一家有十个孩子：两个婴儿死了，女儿安妮十岁的时候去世，这对他们夫妻两个造成了毁灭性的影响。查尔斯是位虔诚的父亲，对他的孩子们特别关心。每当他们生病时，达尔文都担心是由于自己，和同为表妹的妻子，爱玛·韦奇伍德的近亲关系，因为可能会造成下一代从近亲交配中继承弱点。
He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of [[outcrossing]] in many species.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=447}} Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers.
He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of outcrossing in many species.[184] Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers.
他在作品中研究了近亲交配，并将其与异种杂交的优势进行了对比。尽管他很担心，不过大多数幸存的孩子和他们的许多后代仍然非常优秀，事业有成。
Of his surviving children, [[George Darwin|George]], [[Francis Darwin|Francis]] and [[Horace Darwin|Horace]] became [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal Society]],<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1660–2006, A–J|url=http://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727|accessdate=16 September 2009|format=PDF|archivedate=3 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000229/https://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727}}</ref> distinguished as astronomer,<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Darwin}}</ref> botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted.<ref>Berra, Tim M. ''Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy,'' (Oxford: 2013, Oxford UP), 101, 129, 168. George became a knight commander of the Order of the Bath in 1905. Francis was knighted in 1912. Horace became a knight commander of the KBE in 1918.</ref> Another son, [[Leonard Darwin|Leonard]], went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, [[eugenics|eugenicist]] and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist [[Ronald Fisher]].<ref>Edwards, A. W. F. 2004. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). In: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press.</ref>
Of his surviving children, [[George Darwin|George]], [[Francis Darwin|Francis]] and [[Horace Darwin|Horace]] became [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal Society]],<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1660–2006, A–J|url=http://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727|accessdate=16 September 2009|format=PDF|archivedate=3 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000229/https://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727}}</ref> distinguished as astronomer,<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Darwin}}</ref> botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted.<ref>Berra, Tim M. ''Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy,'' (Oxford: 2013, Oxford UP), 101, 129, 168. George became a knight commander of the Order of the Bath in 1905. Francis was knighted in 1912. Horace became a knight commander of the KBE in 1918.</ref> Another son, [[Leonard Darwin|Leonard]], went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, [[eugenics|eugenicist]] and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist [[Ronald Fisher]].<ref>Edwards, A. W. F. 2004. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). In: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press.</ref>
Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society,[185] distinguished as astronomer,[186] botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted.[187] Another son, Leonard, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.
乔治，弗朗西斯和霍拉斯在其尚存的孩子中，分别以天文学家，植物学家和土木工程师的身份成为皇家学会会员。三个人都被封为爵士。而另一个儿子伦纳德则前后担任了统计学家和进化生物学家罗纳德·费希尔的士兵，政治家，经济学家，优生主义者和导师。
==Views and opinions==
==Views and opinions==