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→Views and opinions 观点和意见
[[文件:Annie Darwin.jpg|缩略图|左|1851年，达尔文的女儿安妮逝世，这给他带来了沉重的打击。到那时，他对基督教的信仰越来越少，他已经停止去教堂了。]]
[[文件:Annie Darwin.jpg|缩略图|左|1851年，达尔文的女儿安妮逝世，这给他带来了沉重的打击。到那时，他对基督教的信仰越来越少，他已经停止去教堂了。]]
Darwin's family tradition was [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] [[Unitarianism]], while his father and grandfather were [[freethought|freethinkers]], and his [[baptism]] and [[boarding school]] were [[Church of England]].<ref name=skool /> When going to Cambridge to become an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] clergyman, he did not doubt the [[Biblical inerrancy|literal truth]] of the Bible.<ref name=dar57 /> He learned [[John Herschel]]'s science which, like [[William Paley]]'s [[natural theology]], sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw [[adaptation]] of species as [[teleological argument|evidence of design]].<ref name="syd5-7" /><ref name=db /> On board HMS ''Beagle'', Darwin was quite [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] and would quote the Bible as an authority on [[morality]].<ref name=biorelig>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=87 85–96]}}</ref> He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,<ref name=k356 /> and suggested that the very similar [[antlion]]s found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.<ref name=Crows />
Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England.[27] When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible.[36] He learned John Herschel's science which, like William Paley's natural theology, sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design.[38][39] On board HMS Beagle, Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality.[190] He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,[62] and suggested that the very similar antlions found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.
达尔文的家庭传统不墨守成规，他们是一神论的拥护者，而且他的父亲和祖父是自由思想家，但是他的洗礼和寄宿学校却是英格兰教会。当他去剑桥成为英国国教牧师时，他毫不怀疑圣经的字面意思。他学习了约翰·赫歇尔John Herschel的科学，就像威廉·佩利William Paley的自然神学一样，他寻求自然规律而不仅仅解释为奇迹，并将物种的适应性视为设计的证据。在猎犬号上，达尔文颇为正统，他将圣经视为道德权威。他曾试图寻找“创造中心”来解释其物种的分布，并提议说在澳大利亚和英国发现的非常相似的蚁群其实是神手的证据。
By his return, he was [[Historical criticism|critical of the Bible as history]], and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.<ref name=biorelig /> In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the [[transmutation of species]], he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife [[Emma Darwin|Emma]], whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.<ref name=Belief /> The [[theodicy]] of Paley and [[Thomas Malthus]] vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,<ref>{{harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=8–14}}</ref> and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the [[ichneumon wasp]] paralysing [[caterpillar]]s as live food for its eggs.<ref name=miles /> Though he thought of religion as a [[tribe|tribal]] survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of [[deism|God as an ultimate lawgiver]]. He was increasingly troubled by the [[problem of evil]].<ref>{{harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=4–5, 12–14}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Moore|2006}}</ref>
By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.[190] In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.[100] The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,[191] and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs.[150] Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil.
回国后，他对将圣经作为历史进行了批判，并想知道为什么所有宗教都不应该有根有据。在接下来的几年中，在深入推测地质和物种演变的同时，他对宗教也进行了诸多思考。他与妻子艾玛公开讨论了这一点，艾玛的信仰也来自于深入的研究和质疑。佩利和托马斯·马尔萨斯的神学论证了诸如饥饿之类的邪恶存在，其实是由仁慈的创造者定律所带来的，该理论总体上产生了良好的效果。对达尔文而言，自然选择带来了适用能力的好处，但消除了设计这个概念的需要，他看不到无所不能的神在所有痛苦和苦难中工作，例如鱼龙黄蜂麻痹了毛毛虫，将其作为卵的活食。尽管达尔文认为宗教是作为部落生存的策略，但他并不愿意放弃将上帝视为终极立法者的想法。他越来越受到罪恶问题的困扰。
Darwin remained close friends with the [[Vicar (Anglicanism)|vicar]] of Downe, [[John Brodie Innes]], and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Darwin and the church: historical essay |accessdate=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133709/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church |archivedate=28 November 2016 |date=5 June 2015 }}</ref> but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.<ref name=jvw41 /> He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"<ref name=Fordyce>[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-12041.html Letter 12041] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107174817/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-12041.html |date=7 November 2009 }} – Darwin, C. R. to Fordyce, John, 7 May 1879</ref><ref name=spencer>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion Darwin's Complex loss of Faith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082018/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion |date=11 February 2017 }} [[The Guardian]] 17 September 2009</ref> and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".<ref name=Belief /><ref name=Fordyce />
Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,[194] but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.[189] He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"[195][196] and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".
达尔文与郡达温牧师约翰·布罗迪·英内斯John Brodie Innes保持着密切的朋友关系，并继续在教堂的教区工作中发挥重要作用。但从1849年左右起，当他的家人在周日去教堂礼拜时，他更愿意选择散步。他认为“怀疑一个人即可能是一个热情的有神论者，同时也是进化论者是荒谬的”。尽管对宗教观点他一直保持沉默，但在1879年，他写道：“从否认上帝存在的意义上说，我从来不是无神论者。“从拒绝上帝存在的意义上说，我从来没有做过无神论者。–我认为……一般而言，不可知论者是对我心态最正确的描述”。
The "[[Elizabeth, Lady Hope|Lady Hope Story]]", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.<ref>{{harvnb|Moore|2005}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yates|2003}}</ref>
The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.
1915年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 霍普夫人的故事Lady Hope Story </font>'''》声称达尔文在病床上重回了基督教信仰。该声称后来被达尔文的孩子们否定，并被历史学家驳回为虚假信息。