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Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.

Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.

Wallace 一生都在支持和扩展 Darwin 的基于自然选择机制的进化论的范围。他提出的  ''达尔文主义'' 经常被引用来支持 Darwin 的理论。他还致力于阐述和扩展 Darwin 及其关于自然选择的思想。然而，Wallace 也意识到，该理论的范围和主张是有限的。Darwin 本人也对其进行了限制。

华莱士一生都在支持和扩展 Darwin 的基于自然选择机制的进化论的范围。他提出的  ''达尔文主义'' 经常被引用来支持达尔文的理论。他还致力于阐述和扩展达尔文及其关于自然选择的思想。然而，华莱士也意识到，该理论的范围和主张是有限的。达尔文本人也对其进行了限制。

the most prominent feature is that I enter into popular yet critical examination of those underlying fundamental problems which Darwin purposely excluded from his works as being beyond the scope of his enquiry. Such are the nature and cause of Life itself, and more especially of its most fundamental and mysterious powers - growth and reproduction …

the most prominent feature is that I enter into popular yet critical examination of those underlying fundamental problems which Darwin purposely excluded from his works as being beyond the scope of his enquiry. Such are the nature and cause of Life itself, and more especially of its most fundamental and mysterious powers - growth and reproduction …

最突出的特点是，我对 Darwin 有意从他的作品中排除的那些根本性问题<font color="#32CD32">进行了通俗而批判的考察</font>，因为这些问题超出了他的考察范围。如生命本身的性质和原因，尤其是生命最基本和最神秘的力量 - 生长和繁殖的性质和原因 …...

 

最突出的特点是，我对达尔文有意从他的作品中排除的那些根本性问题<font color="#32CD32">进行了通俗而批判的考察</font>，因为这些问题超出了他的考察范围。如生命本身的性质和原因，尤其是生命最基本和最神秘的力量——生长和繁殖…

 

Darwin always ... adduced the "laws of Growth with Reproduction," and of "Inheritance with Variability," as being fundamental facts of nature, without which Natural Selection would be powerless or even non-existent …

Darwin always ... adduced the "laws of Growth with Reproduction," and of "Inheritance with Variability," as being fundamental facts of nature, without which Natural Selection would be powerless or even non-existent …

...... 即使它被证明是对事实的准确表述，它也不能作为一种解释。<font color="#32CD32">因为它不能说明作为增长的必要特征的力量、指导机构和组织力量</font> ......

...... 即使它被证明是对事实的准确表述，它也不能作为一种解释。<font color="#32CD32">因为它不能说明作为增长的必要特征的力量、指导机构和组织力量</font> ......

In examining this aspect, excluded ''ab initio'' by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that ''Life'' itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).

In examining this aspect, excluded ''ab initio'' by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that ''Life'' itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).

a very well-founded doctrine, and one which was often advocated by John Hunter, that life is the cause and not the consequence of organisation ... if so, life must be antecedent to organisation, and can only be conceived as indissolubly connected with spirit and with thought, and with the cause of the directive energy everywhere manifested in the growth of living things ... endowed with the mysterious organising power we term life ...<ref name="Wallace"/>

a very well-founded doctrine, and one which was often advocated by John Hunter, that life is the cause and not the consequence of organisation ... if so, life must be antecedent to organisation, and can only be conceived as indissolubly connected with spirit and with thought, and with the cause of the directive energy everywhere manifested in the growth of living things ... endowed with the mysterious organising power we term life ...<ref name="Wallace"/>

一个非常有根据的学说，也是 John Hunter 经常倡导的学说，即生命是组织的原因而不是结果 ...... 如果是这样，生命一定是组织的前奏，而且只能被认为是与精神和思想密不可分地联系在一起的，而且是与在生物的生长中处处体现的指导性能量的原因联系在一起的 ...... 被赋予了我们称之为生命的这样一种神秘的组织力量 ......

一个非常有根据的学说，也是 John Hunter 经常倡导的学说，即生命是组织的原因而不是结果 ...... 如果是这样，生命一定是组织的前奏，而且只能被认为是与精神和思想密不可分地联系在一起的，而且是与在生物的生长中处处体现的指导性能量的原因联系在一起的 ...... 被赋予了我们称之为生命的这样一种神秘的组织力量 ......

 

Wallace then refers to the operation of another power called "mind" that utilizes the power of life and is connected with a higher realm than life or matter:

Wallace then refers to the operation of another power called "mind" that utilizes the power of life and is connected with a higher realm than life or matter:

evidence of a foreseeing mind which...so directed and organised that life, in all its myriad forms, as, in the far-off future, to provide all that was most essential for the growth and development of man's spiritual nature ...<ref name="Wallace"/>

evidence of a foreseeing mind which...so directed and organised that life, in all its myriad forms, as, in the far-off future, to provide all that was most essential for the growth and development of man's spiritual nature ...<ref name="Wallace"/>

证据表明，一个先知先觉的头脑 ...... 如此指导和组织生活，以其无数的形式，在遥远的未来，为人类精神本质的成长和发展提供所有最重要的东西 ......

证据表明，一个先知先觉的头脑 ...... 如此指导和组织生活，以其无数的形式，在遥远的未来，为人类精神本质的成长和发展提供所有最重要的东西 ......

If, as John Hunter, T.H. Huxley, and other eminent thinkers have declared, "life is the cause, not the consequence, of organisation," so we may believe that mind is the cause, not the consequence, of brain development. ... So there are undoubtedly different degrees and probably also different kinds of mind in various grades of animal life&nbsp;... And&nbsp;... so the mind-giver&nbsp;... enables each class or order of animals to obtain the amount of mind requisite for its place in nature&nbsp;...<ref name="Wallace"/>

If, as John Hunter, T.H. Huxley, and other eminent thinkers have declared, "life is the cause, not the consequence, of organisation," so we may believe that mind is the cause, not the consequence, of brain development. ... So there are undoubtedly different degrees and probably also different kinds of mind in various grades of animal life&nbsp;... And&nbsp;... so the mind-giver&nbsp;... enables each class or order of animals to obtain the amount of mind requisite for its place in nature&nbsp;...<ref name="Wallace"/>

如果像 John Hunter、T.H. Huxley 和其他著名思想家所宣称的那样，"生命是组织的原因，而不是结果"，那么我们可以相信，心智是大脑发育的原因，而不是结果。... 所以，在不同等级的动物生命中，无疑存在着不同程度的心智，也可能存在着不同种类的心智。而 ...... 所以心智的给予者 ......使每一类或每一阶的动物都能获得它在自然界中的地位所必需的心智量 ...... <ref name="Wallace"/>

如果像 John Hunter、T.H. Huxley 和其他著名思想家所宣称的那样，"生命是组织的原因，而不是结果"，那么我们可以相信，心智是大脑发育的原因，而不是结果。... 所以，在不同等级的动物生命中，无疑存在着不同程度的心智，也可能存在着不同种类的心智。而 ...... 所以心智的给予者 ......使每一类或每一阶的动物都能获得它在自然界中的地位所必需的心智量 ...... <ref name="Wallace"/>

 

 

== Emergent evolution ==

== Emergent evolution ==