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第48行：
第48行： − + + + − + + + + − 华莱士一生都在支持和扩展 Darwin 的基于自然选择机制的进化论的范围。他提出的 ''达尔文主义'' 经常被引用来支持达尔文的理论。他还致力于阐述和扩展达尔文及其关于自然选择的思想。然而，华莱士也意识到，该理论的范围和主张是有限的。达尔文本人也对其进行了限制。+ 第63行：
第68行： − + − Darwin 总是 ...... 引证 "生长与繁殖的<font color="#32CD32">规律 laws</font>" 和 "遗传与变异的规律" 是自然界的基本事实，没有这些规律，自然选择就无能为力，甚至不存在 ...... 。+ + − + − 在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，"生命" 本身不能被理解，除非通过一种包括 "组织和指导生命原则 "的理论。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量"、"指导性的心灵" 和最后的 "终极目的"（人的发展）。它支持[[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]]的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（原生质）。+ 第83行：
第89行： − 一个非常有根据的学说，也是 John Hunter 经常倡导的学说，即生命是组织的原因而不是结果 ...... 如果是这样，生命一定是组织的前奏，而且只能被认为是与精神和思想密不可分地联系在一起的，而且是与在生物的生长中处处体现的指导性能量的原因联系在一起的 ...... 被赋予了我们称之为生命的这样一种神秘的组织力量 ......+ 第89行：
第95行： − 然后，Wallace 提到了另一种叫做 "心灵" 的力量的运作，它利用生命的力量，与比生命或物质更高的境界相联系：+ 第95行：
第101行： − + 第102行：
第108行： − Wallace 从 Hunter 的观点出发，认为生命是高于和落后于生命物质的指导性力量 directive power，他认为从逻辑上讲，心灵 Mind 是 意识 [[consciousness]]的原因，它在生命物质中以不同程度和形式存在。+ 第108行：
第114行： − 如果像 John Hunter、T.H. Huxley 和其他著名思想家所宣称的那样，"生命是组织的原因，而不是结果"，那么我们可以相信，心智是大脑发育的原因，而不是结果。... 所以，在不同等级的动物生命中，无疑存在着不同程度的心智，也可能存在着不同种类的心智。而 ...... 所以心智的给予者 ......使每一类或每一阶的动物都能获得它在自然界中的地位所必需的心智量 ...... <ref name="Wallace"/>+
→起源 Origins
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Darwin knew that nature had to produce variations before natural selection could act …The problem had been caught by other evolutionists almost as soon as ''[[The Origin of Species]]'' was first published. [[Sir Charles Lyell]] saw it clearly in 1860 before he even became an evolutionist…(Reid, p.3)<ref name=Reid />
Darwin knew that nature had to produce variations before natural selection could act … The problem had been caught by other evolutionists almost as soon as ''[[The Origin of Species]]'' was first published. [[Sir Charles Lyell]] saw it clearly in 1860 before he even became an evolutionist…(Reid, p.3)<ref name=Reid />
达尔文清楚，在自然选择起作用前，必须有一些变异已经产生......这一问题几乎在《物种起源》发表的同时就被其他演化论学者察觉。早在1860年，<font color="#ff8000">'''查尔斯·莱尔爵士 Sir Charles Lyell'''</font>就已经发现这一问题，尽管他那时还不是一个演化论学者......(Reid, p.3)<ref name=Reid />
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[[St. George Jackson Mivart|St. George Jackson Mivart's]] ''On the Genesis of Species'' (1872) and [[Edward Drinker Cope|Edward Cope]]'s ''Origin of the Fittest'' (1887) raised the need to address the origin of variation between members of a species. [[William Bateson]] in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection (''Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species'').<ref name=Reid />
[[St. George Jackson Mivart|St. George Jackson Mivart's]] ''On the Genesis of Species'' (1872) and [[Edward Drinker Cope|Edward Cope]]'s ''Origin of the Fittest'' (1887) raised the need to address the origin of variation between members of a species. [[William Bateson]] in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection (''Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species'').<ref name=Reid />
===华莱士的进一步思考 Wallace's further thoughts ===
<font color="#ff8000">'''圣乔治·米瓦特 St. George Jackson Mivart '''</font>的《<font color="#ff8000">'''论物种的起源 On the Genesis of Species'''</font>》（1872）以及<font color="#ff8000">'''爱德华·柯普 Edward Cope'''</font>的《<font color="#ff8000">'''最适者的起源 Origin of the Fittest'''</font>》（1887）都提出了需要找出同物种间成员的变异从何而来。William Bateson在1884年区分了变异的来源以及自然选择的行为。<ref name=Reid />
===华莱士进一步的思考 Wallace's further thoughts ===
Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.
Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.
华莱士一生都在支持和扩展达尔文基于自然选择机制的进化论的范围。他提出的 ''达尔文主义'' 经常被引用来支持达尔文的理论。他还致力于阐述和扩展达尔文及其关于自然选择的思想。然而，华莱士也意识到，该理论的范围和主张是有限的。达尔文本人也对其进行了限制。
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the most prominent feature is that I enter into popular yet critical examination of those underlying fundamental problems which Darwin purposely excluded from his works as being beyond the scope of his enquiry. Such are the nature and cause of Life itself, and more especially of its most fundamental and mysterious powers - growth and reproduction …
the most prominent feature is that I enter into popular yet critical examination of those underlying fundamental problems which Darwin purposely excluded from his works as being beyond the scope of his enquiry. Such are the nature and cause of Life itself, and more especially of its most fundamental and mysterious powers - growth and reproduction …
最突出的特点是，我对达尔文有意从他的作品中排除的那些根本性问题<font color="#32CD32">进行了通俗而批判的考察</font>，因为这些问题超出了他的考察范围。如生命本身的性质和原因，尤其是生命最基本和最神秘的力量——生长和繁殖…
最突出的特点是，我对达尔文有意从他的作品中排除的那些根本性问题<font color="#32CD32">进行了通俗而批判性的考察</font>，因为这些问题超出了他的考察范围。例如生命本身的性质和原因，尤其是生命最基本和最神秘的力量——生长和繁殖…
Darwin always ... adduced the "laws of Growth with Reproduction," and of "Inheritance with Variability," as being fundamental facts of nature, without which Natural Selection would be powerless or even non-existent …
Darwin always ... adduced the "laws of Growth with Reproduction," and of "Inheritance with Variability," as being fundamental facts of nature, without which Natural Selection would be powerless or even non-existent …
达尔文总是......引证 “生长与繁殖的法则”和 “带变异的遗传” 是自然界的基本事实，没有这些规律，自然选择就无能为力，甚至不存在 ...... 。
... even if it were proved to be an exact representation of the facts, it would not be an explanation... because it would not account for the forces, the directive agency, and the organising power which are essential features of growth …<ref name=Wallace>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=Theory of Life|year=1911|publisher=Moffat, Yard and Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldlifeamanif00wallgoog}}</ref>
... even if it were proved to be an exact representation of the facts, it would not be an explanation... because it would not account for the forces, the directive agency, and the organising power which are essential features of growth …<ref name=Wallace>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=Theory of Life|year=1911|publisher=Moffat, Yard and Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldlifeamanif00wallgoog}}</ref>
...... 即使它被证明是对事实的准确表述，它也不能作为一种解释。<font color="#32CD32">因为它不能说明作为增长的必要特征的力量、指导机构和组织力量</font> ......
......即使它被证明是对事实的准确表述，它也不能作为一种解释。<font color="#32CD32">因为它不能说明生命力、指导机构和组织力量这些增长的必要特征</font> ......<ref name=Wallace>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=Theory of Life|year=1911|publisher=Moffat, Yard and Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldlifeamanif00wallgoog}}</ref>
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In examining this aspect, excluded ''ab initio'' by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that ''Life'' itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).
In examining this aspect, excluded ''ab initio'' by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that ''Life'' itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).
在研究这个被达尔文从一开始就排除在外的领域时，华莱士得出的结论是，“生命”本身不能被理解，除非通过一种包括 “组织和指导生命原则”的理论。这些都必然涉及到 “创造性的力量”、“指导性的心灵”和最后的 “终极目的”（人的发展）。它支持<font color="#ff8000">'''约翰·亨特 John Hunter'''</font>的观点，即“生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果”。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（原生质）。
a very well-founded doctrine, and one which was often advocated by John Hunter, that life is the cause and not the consequence of organisation ... if so, life must be antecedent to organisation, and can only be conceived as indissolubly connected with spirit and with thought, and with the cause of the directive energy everywhere manifested in the growth of living things ... endowed with the mysterious organising power we term life ...<ref name="Wallace"/>
a very well-founded doctrine, and one which was often advocated by John Hunter, that life is the cause and not the consequence of organisation ... if so, life must be antecedent to organisation, and can only be conceived as indissolubly connected with spirit and with thought, and with the cause of the directive energy everywhere manifested in the growth of living things ... endowed with the mysterious organising power we term life ...<ref name="Wallace"/>
一个非常有根据的学说，也是约翰·亨特经常倡导的学说，即生命是组织的原因而不是结果......如果是这样，生命一定是组织的先决条件，而且只能被认为是与精神和思想密不可分地联系在一起的，并与在生物的生长中处处体现的指导性能量的来源联系在一起的......被赋予了我们称之为生命的神秘力量......<ref name="Wallace"/>
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Wallace then refers to the operation of another power called "mind" that utilizes the power of life and is connected with a higher realm than life or matter:
Wallace then refers to the operation of another power called "mind" that utilizes the power of life and is connected with a higher realm than life or matter:
然后，华莱士提到了另一种叫做“心灵”的力量的运作，它利用生命的力量，与比生命或物质更高的境界相联系：
evidence of a foreseeing mind which...so directed and organised that life, in all its myriad forms, as, in the far-off future, to provide all that was most essential for the growth and development of man's spiritual nature ...<ref name="Wallace"/>
evidence of a foreseeing mind which...so directed and organised that life, in all its myriad forms, as, in the far-off future, to provide all that was most essential for the growth and development of man's spiritual nature ...<ref name="Wallace"/>
证据表明，一个先知先觉的头脑 ...... 如此指导和组织生活，以其无数的形式，在遥远的未来，为人类精神本质的成长和发展提供所有最重要的东西 ......
证据表明，一个先知先觉的头脑......如此指导和组织生命，以其无数的形式，在遥远的未来，为人类精神本质的成长和发育提供所有最重要的东西......
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Proceeding from Hunter's view that Life is the directive power above and behind living matter, Wallace argues that logically, Mind is the cause of [[consciousness]], which exists in different degrees and kinds in living matter.
Proceeding from Hunter's view that Life is the directive power above and behind living matter, Wallace argues that logically, Mind is the cause of [[consciousness]], which exists in different degrees and kinds in living matter.
华莱士从亨特的观点出发，认为生命是高于生命物质的，隐藏于背后的指导性力量。他认为从逻辑上讲，心灵是意识的原因，它在生命物质中以不同程度和形式存在。
If, as John Hunter, T.H. Huxley, and other eminent thinkers have declared, "life is the cause, not the consequence, of organisation," so we may believe that mind is the cause, not the consequence, of brain development. ... So there are undoubtedly different degrees and probably also different kinds of mind in various grades of animal life ... And ... so the mind-giver ... enables each class or order of animals to obtain the amount of mind requisite for its place in nature ...<ref name="Wallace"/>
If, as John Hunter, T.H. Huxley, and other eminent thinkers have declared, "life is the cause, not the consequence, of organisation," so we may believe that mind is the cause, not the consequence, of brain development. ... So there are undoubtedly different degrees and probably also different kinds of mind in various grades of animal life ... And ... so the mind-giver ... enables each class or order of animals to obtain the amount of mind requisite for its place in nature ...<ref name="Wallace"/>
如果像亨特、赫胥黎，以及其他著名思想家所宣称的那样，“生命是组织的原因，而不是结果”，那么我们可以相信，心灵是大脑发育的原因，而不是结果......所以，在不同等级的动物生命中，无疑存在着不同程度的心智，也可能存在着不同种类的心智。而......所以心智的给予者......使每一类或每一等级的动物都能获得它在自然界中的地位所必需的心智量......<ref name="Wallace"/>
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